“…Earnings management literature relates to a wide range of topics such as: analyst coverage (Martinez, 2011;Yu, 2008), asset valuation (Caruso, Ferrari, & Pisano, 2016), audit issues (Barghathi, Collison, & Crawford, 2018;Silvestre, Costa, & Kronbauer, 2018), corporate governance (Cornett et al, 2009;Xie, Davidson, & DaDalt, 2003), convergence to IFRS (Grecco, 2013), debt issues (Coelho & Lopes, 2007;Costa, Matte, & Monte-Mor, 2018;Dutzi & Rausch, 2016;Nardi, Silva, Nakao, & Valle, 2009), economic cycle (Filip & Raffournier, 2014), gender characteristics (Gull, Nekhili, Nagati, & Chtioui, 2018;Harris, Karl, & Lawrence, 2019;Liu, Wei, & Xie, 2016), linguistics (Lo, Ramos, & Rogo, 2017), securitization issues (Barth & Taylor, 2010;Camara & Galdi, 2013), fixed costs (Kama & Weiss, 2013;Silva, Zonatto, Magro, & Klann, 2019), taxes issues (Lin, Lu, & Zhang, 2012;Paulo, Martins, & Corrar, 2007), and tone analysis (Huang, Krishnan, & Lin, 2018).…”