No Safe Haven II: The Effects of Violence Exposure on Urban Youth

Schwab‐Stone, Mary; Chen, Chuansheng; Greenberger, Ellen; Silver, David; Lichtman, Judith H.; Voyce, Charlene

doi:10.1097/00004583-199904000-00007

Cited by 315 publications

(306 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…75,76 Additionally, it could be explained by co-morbidity issues including a higher likelihood of suffering from depression or internalizing behavior among children with high exposure to violence. 39,77 Desensitization is a gradual reduction or emotional numbing in responsiveness to an arousal-eliciting stimulus as a function of repeated exposure. 76 Repeat exposure to violence may impact the neurobiological pathways related to threat perception, potentially altering an individual's response and reaction to threat not only when exposed to violence, but on a day to day basis as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…36,37 Beyond the family context, there is evidence that indirect exposures to neighborhood-based violence, including witnessing physical assault, shootings, and murder, are associated with externalizing behaviors in youth. [38][39][40] Violence exposure within the neighborhood context including witnessing assault and murder is a predictor of externalizing behaviors in youth, poorer academic achievement, and cognitive difficulties. [38][39][40] Additionally, even if a child has not directly witnessed neighborhood violence, a growing body of evidence shows that parents who witness neighborhood violence are more likely to experience distress, trauma symptoms, and depression, which are linked to child behavior problems via diminished maternal psychological functioning.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[38][39][40] Violence exposure within the neighborhood context including witnessing assault and murder is a predictor of externalizing behaviors in youth, poorer academic achievement, and cognitive difficulties. [38][39][40] Additionally, even if a child has not directly witnessed neighborhood violence, a growing body of evidence shows that parents who witness neighborhood violence are more likely to experience distress, trauma symptoms, and depression, which are linked to child behavior problems via diminished maternal psychological functioning. [41][42][43][44] Taken together, these studies suggest that violence exposure in a range of different contexts influences child externalizing.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

et al. 2016

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The objective of this study was to examine the association between externalizing behaviors and indirect violence exposure, assessed both within the household and at the community level, as well as the interaction effect of indirect and direct violence exposure. A sample of parents of children ages 4-15 who have not been referred or enrolled in child welfare (n = 82) were recruited from the greater New Orleans community. Externalizing behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The child's indirect exposure to violence included witnessing community violence, witnessing physical assault, and witnessing fighting or domestic violence at home. Direct exposure to violence included the child experiencing physical aggression from a caregiver. All assessments were based on caregiver reports. To decrease potential for confounding, children were matched for analysis based on age, Hurricane Katrina exposure, and their propensity to be exposed to high indirect violence. Cumulative indirect exposure to violence was significantly positively correlated with CBCL scores. After controlling for key covariates, CBCL externalizing T score increased significantly by approximately 1.25 points for each level increase in indirect violence exposure (β = 1.25, SE = 0.57, p = 0.027). There also was a significant interaction between indirect and direct exposure to violence in the association with CBCL score (β = −0.08, SE = 0.03, p = 0.002). These findings extend previous research by demonstrating that exposure to both direct and cross-contextual indirect violence influences externalizing behaviors in children. Additionally, the findings suggest that community and household social environments are both important targets for interventions designed to decrease externalizing behaviors and improve longterm outcomes for youth at risk of exposure to violence.KEYWORDS Childhood exposure to violence, Cumulative exposure to violence, Indirect exposure to violence, Direct exposure to violence, Community violence, Household violence, Child physical aggression, Child externalizing behaviors BACKGROUND

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

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“…The social and health assessment (SAHA), originally developed by Weissberg et al [30] and later modified [22,28], served as the basis for the survey. The SAHA includes both new scales developed specifically for this project and existing scales.…”

Section: J Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent suicidal ideation: a comparison of incarcerated and school-based samples

Suk

Mill

Vermeiren

et al. 2009

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate suicidal ideations and associated psychopathology in two groups of adolescents, a sample of detained youth and a general population sample. In both groups the comparisons of mental health characteristics between suicidal ideators and non-suicidal youth were conducted separately for girls and boys. Methods: The study sample consisted of 290 delinquent adolescents [228 boys and 62 girls] from three Flemish juvenile detention centers and 1,548 adolescents [811 boys and 737 girls] from an age-matched school-based sample. Both groups were administered the Social and Health Assessment [SAHA], a self-report survey investigating levels of psychopathology [internalizing and externalizing] and risk-taking behavior. Results: Suicidal ideations during the past year were reported by 21.5% of detained males, compared to 6.7% in the general population. In females, 58.1% of detained individuals reported suicidal thoughts during the past year, compared to 14.4% of the general population. In girls and boys from the general population, both internalizing and externalizing problems were higher in suicidal ideators than in non-suicidal youth, while in the detention group mainly internalizing problems were higher in suicidal ideators. When comparing detention suicidal ideators with those from the general population, male suicidal ideators scored higher on delinquency, while detained female suicidal ideators also scored higher on posttraumatic stress, but lower on prosocial beliefs. Limitations: Information used in this study was solely based on self-report measures only and limited to Flemish adolescents. Conclusion: Since suicidal ideation is a frequent problem in detained youth, adequate recognition and treatment seems clinically relevant. While both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology may be an indicator of suicidal ideation in the general population, internalizing problems may be the main clinical predictor in detained youth

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“…Most studies report increased exposure for males, including witnessing violence and personal victimization by community violence (Farrell & Bruce, 1997;Fitzpatrick & Boldizar, 1993;Jenkins & Bell, 1994;O'Keefe, 1997;Schwab-Stone et al, 1999;Singer, Anglin, Song, & Lunghofer, 1995;Weist, Acosta, & Youngstrom, 2001). Increased age also has been associated with greater exposure to community violence (Richters & Martinez, 1993;Selner-O'Hagan, Kindlon, Buka, Raudenbush, & Earls, 1998;Weist et al, 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Community Violence Exposure in Adolescence

Lambert

Ialongo

Boyd

et al. 2005

American Journal of Community Psychology

149

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Community violence is recognized a significant public health problem. However, only a paucity of research has examined risk factors for community violence exposure across domains relevant to adolescents or using longitudinal data. This study examined youth aggressive behavior in relation to community violence exposure among a community epidemiologically defined sample of 582 (45% female) urban adolescents. Internalizing behaviors, deviant peer affiliation, and parental monitoring were examined as moderators of the association between aggressive behavior and exposure to community violence. For males with aggressive behavior problems and deviant peer affiliation or low parental monitoring, co-occurring anxiety symptoms protected against subsequent witnessing community violence. In contrast, males with aggressive behavior problems and co-occurring depressive symptoms were at increased risk for witnessing community violence. Implications of the findings for preventive interventions and future research are discussed.KEY WORDS: community violence exposure; deviant peer affiliation; aggression; adolescence.Youth exposure to community violence as witnesses or victims is a significant public health problem with negative consequences for several aspects of youth adjustment. Community violence exposure in youth has been associated with difficulties in emotional, behavioral, and adaptive functioning including depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, aggression, poor academic functioning and achievement, and health problems (Cooley-Quille,

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No Safe Haven II: The Effects of Violence Exposure on Urban Youth

Cited by 315 publications

References 23 publications

Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

Adolescent suicidal ideation: a comparison of incarcerated and school-based samples

Risk Factors for Community Violence Exposure in Adolescence

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