No Safe Haven: A Study of Violence Exposure in an Urban Community

Schwab‐Stone, Mary; Ayers, Tim; Kasprow, Wesley J.; Voyce, Charlene; Barone, Charles; Shriver, Timothy P.; Weissberg, Roger P.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199510000-00020

Cited by 469 publications

(308 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Suicidal ideation during the past month/year was reported by 21 j Relationship between suicidality and mental health characteristics…”

Section: Results J Suicidalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This construct was measured by a ten-item scale, with seven items derived from the Disapproval of Deviancy Scale from the School Health Study [5] and three items [''hurting someone badly''; ''being a look-out for a drug dealer''; and ''carrying a gun''] added by the SAHA Research Team [21]. Respondents were asked to rate on a four-point Likert-type scale [ranging from ''Not wrong'' to ''Very wrong''] how wrong it is to be involved in various antisocial activities [stealing, lying, damaging property, hurting someone badly in a fight, starting a fist-fight etc.…”

Section: J Prosocial Beliefsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adolescent suicidal ideation: a comparison of incarcerated and school-based samples

Suk

Mill

Vermeiren

et al. 2009

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate suicidal ideations and associated psychopathology in two groups of adolescents, a sample of detained youth and a general population sample. In both groups the comparisons of mental health characteristics between suicidal ideators and non-suicidal youth were conducted separately for girls and boys. Methods: The study sample consisted of 290 delinquent adolescents [228 boys and 62 girls] from three Flemish juvenile detention centers and 1,548 adolescents [811 boys and 737 girls] from an age-matched school-based sample. Both groups were administered the Social and Health Assessment [SAHA], a self-report survey investigating levels of psychopathology [internalizing and externalizing] and risk-taking behavior. Results: Suicidal ideations during the past year were reported by 21.5% of detained males, compared to 6.7% in the general population. In females, 58.1% of detained individuals reported suicidal thoughts during the past year, compared to 14.4% of the general population. In girls and boys from the general population, both internalizing and externalizing problems were higher in suicidal ideators than in non-suicidal youth, while in the detention group mainly internalizing problems were higher in suicidal ideators. When comparing detention suicidal ideators with those from the general population, male suicidal ideators scored higher on delinquency, while detained female suicidal ideators also scored higher on posttraumatic stress, but lower on prosocial beliefs. Limitations: Information used in this study was solely based on self-report measures only and limited to Flemish adolescents. Conclusion: Since suicidal ideation is a frequent problem in detained youth, adequate recognition and treatment seems clinically relevant. While both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology may be an indicator of suicidal ideation in the general population, internalizing problems may be the main clinical predictor in detained youth

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“…Suicidal ideation during the past month/year was reported by 21 j Relationship between suicidality and mental health characteristics…”

Section: Results J Suicidalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: J Prosocial Beliefsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent suicidal ideation: a comparison of incarcerated and school-based samples

Suk

Mill

Vermeiren

et al. 2009

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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“…This is surprising, as outside the immediate family, school has been identified as having one of the largest impacts on child development (Cicchetti & Toth, 1997). Exposure to violence at school, whether as a witness or victim, is related to a number of emotional and behavioral problems (Schwab-Stone et al, 1995). On the other hand, school may serve as a buffer of the effects of the many psychosocial stressors present in the lives of children with SBP (e.g., Rutter, 1979).…”

Section: Daycare and Schoolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding child sexual behavior problems: A developmental psychopathology framework

Elkovitch

Latzman

Hansen

et al. 2009

Clinical Psychology Review

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Children exhibiting sexual behavior have increasingly gained the attention of child welfare and mental health systems, as well as the scientific community. While a heterogeneous group, children with sexual behavior problems consistently demonstrate a number of problems related to adjustment and overall development. In order to appropriately intervene with these children, a comprehensive understanding of etiology is imperative. The overarching goal of the present paper is to review the extant research on mechanisms associated with the development of problematic sexual behavior in childhood within a developmental psychopathology framework. What is known about normative and nonnormative sexual behavior in childhood is reviewed, highlighting definitional challenges and age-related developmental differences. Further, the relationship between child sexual abuse and child sexual behavior problems is discussed, drawing attention to factors impacting this relationship. Risk factors for child sexual behavior problems, beyond that of sexual abuse, are also reviewed utilizing a transactional-ecological framework. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of implications of a developmental psychopathology perspective on problematic child sexual behaviors to inform future research and intervention efforts. Such implications include the need for attention to normative childhood sexual behavior, developmental sensitivity, and examinations of ecological domain in concert.

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“…36,37 Beyond the family context, there is evidence that indirect exposures to neighborhood-based violence, including witnessing physical assault, shootings, and murder, are associated with externalizing behaviors in youth. [38][39][40] Violence exposure within the neighborhood context including witnessing assault and murder is a predictor of externalizing behaviors in youth, poorer academic achievement, and cognitive difficulties. [38][39][40] Additionally, even if a child has not directly witnessed neighborhood violence, a growing body of evidence shows that parents who witness neighborhood violence are more likely to experience distress, trauma symptoms, and depression, which are linked to child behavior problems via diminished maternal psychological functioning.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[38][39][40] Violence exposure within the neighborhood context including witnessing assault and murder is a predictor of externalizing behaviors in youth, poorer academic achievement, and cognitive difficulties. [38][39][40] Additionally, even if a child has not directly witnessed neighborhood violence, a growing body of evidence shows that parents who witness neighborhood violence are more likely to experience distress, trauma symptoms, and depression, which are linked to child behavior problems via diminished maternal psychological functioning. [41][42][43][44] Taken together, these studies suggest that violence exposure in a range of different contexts influences child externalizing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

et al. 2016

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The objective of this study was to examine the association between externalizing behaviors and indirect violence exposure, assessed both within the household and at the community level, as well as the interaction effect of indirect and direct violence exposure. A sample of parents of children ages 4-15 who have not been referred or enrolled in child welfare (n = 82) were recruited from the greater New Orleans community. Externalizing behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The child's indirect exposure to violence included witnessing community violence, witnessing physical assault, and witnessing fighting or domestic violence at home. Direct exposure to violence included the child experiencing physical aggression from a caregiver. All assessments were based on caregiver reports. To decrease potential for confounding, children were matched for analysis based on age, Hurricane Katrina exposure, and their propensity to be exposed to high indirect violence. Cumulative indirect exposure to violence was significantly positively correlated with CBCL scores. After controlling for key covariates, CBCL externalizing T score increased significantly by approximately 1.25 points for each level increase in indirect violence exposure (β = 1.25, SE = 0.57, p = 0.027). There also was a significant interaction between indirect and direct exposure to violence in the association with CBCL score (β = −0.08, SE = 0.03, p = 0.002). These findings extend previous research by demonstrating that exposure to both direct and cross-contextual indirect violence influences externalizing behaviors in children. Additionally, the findings suggest that community and household social environments are both important targets for interventions designed to decrease externalizing behaviors and improve longterm outcomes for youth at risk of exposure to violence.KEYWORDS Childhood exposure to violence, Cumulative exposure to violence, Indirect exposure to violence, Direct exposure to violence, Community violence, Household violence, Child physical aggression, Child externalizing behaviors BACKGROUND

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No Safe Haven: A Study of Violence Exposure in an Urban Community

Cited by 469 publications

References 16 publications

Adolescent suicidal ideation: a comparison of incarcerated and school-based samples

Adolescent suicidal ideation: a comparison of incarcerated and school-based samples

Understanding child sexual behavior problems: A developmental psychopathology framework

Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

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