No mining activities, no environmental impacts? Assessing the carbon footprint of metal requirements induced by the consumption of a country with almost no mines
“…Consumption-based accounting for the sector, which sums both emissions occurring in the domestic economy and embedded in imports from other countries, indicates that copper imported from abroad is responsible for >50 % of the sectoral emissions induced by EU metal consumption (Table S13). A similar finding was discussed for countries with few or no mining activities in other European countries (Mayer et al, 2019;Muller et al, 2020), calling for the roles of additional climate change mitigation measures in reducing carbon footprints beyond territorial boundaries.…”
Section: Contextualizing the Impact Of Copper Tailings Managementsupporting
“…Consumption-based accounting for the sector, which sums both emissions occurring in the domestic economy and embedded in imports from other countries, indicates that copper imported from abroad is responsible for >50 % of the sectoral emissions induced by EU metal consumption (Table S13). A similar finding was discussed for countries with few or no mining activities in other European countries (Mayer et al, 2019;Muller et al, 2020), calling for the roles of additional climate change mitigation measures in reducing carbon footprints beyond territorial boundaries.…”
Section: Contextualizing the Impact Of Copper Tailings Managementsupporting
“…Japan is one of the examples, as even though it does not have mineral resources of its own, it is still the world's biggest consumer of mineral resources, importing them from various parts of the world. Similar trends are also present in France [1]. Among developed countries, Australia is a unique phenomenon.…”
The article presents an overview of the determinants of exploration works and the definition of the role of junior mines in those processes. Junior mines, as special purpose vehicles, focus on the stages of exploration and documenting of the deposits, without going into theoperational stage related to the exploitation. Due to their nature, those entities finance their activities with equity capital in the formof share issues on the capital markets, addressing their proprietory securities to investors who accept a high level of risk. The largeststock exchanges on which the exploration companies obtain the required funds have been identified, and the trends that complementcapital raising, concerning the involvement of private equity funds, have been presented.
“…In 2010, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that the metallurgical sector accounts for about 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Most of the emissions are related to the production of energy required for pyrometallurgical processes [Muller et al 2020]. Carbon gases are also released during the extraction of ores and their direct reduction with coke or methane.…”
Section: Assessment Of the Carbon Footprint Of Metal Mining Companies...mentioning
The Paris Agreement came into force in 2016. Now, there are 196 parties to this Agreement, including Russia. The purpose of the accommodation is to hold the increase in the global average temperature below 2 °C and to make efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C. Another important goal of this Agreement is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, according to UNFCCC-2015. Each participating country at the national level plans special activities that will help to achieve these goals. In general, this should reduce the rate of global warming. The goals of the Paris Agreement can be achieved either by introduction of new technologies that exclude the formation of a large amount of carbon footprint or termination of the usage of fossil fuels for electricity production. The formation of a carbon footprint is observed at all mining enterprises, regardless of the extracted raw materials. In this case, the amount of carbon footprint depends only on the extraction technologies and the success of ecological measures.
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