No milk for the bear: the impact on the Baltic states of Russia's counter-sanctions

Oja, Kaspar

doi:10.1080/1406099x.2015.1072385

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…Although the impact of the Russian sanctions on the growth of the EU and the euro zone has been estimated as rather limited several EU countries have nevertheless announced that they faced serious difficulties due to the Russian sanctions and asked for measures to compensate it (Oja, 2015). Compared with other EU member states, the Baltic countries are mostly affected by the Russian sanctions according to the estimations.…”

Section: Viljar Veebel Raul Markusmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The bust, the boom and the sanctions in trade relations with Russia

Veebel¹,

Markus²

2018

Journal of International Studies

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Next to the growing tensions in global economic arena, the challenges for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are often related to Russia's actions and ambitions. Mutual economic relations have been particularly tense at the beginning of the when Russia has imposed sanctions against the Baltic countries and has been putting economic, political or propagandist pressure on them. The current "sanctioning war" is seriously testing the mutual economic relations again and is raising the question whether there is a hope for normalization of trade relations in the nearest future between the Baltic countries and Russia. Thus, the article focuses on the trade dynamics between the Baltic countries and Russia over the period 2004-2016 and analyses the main factors that have influenced this trade dynamics. The article will also debate the outlook for trade relations to be normal again in the light of the sanctioning war between Russia and the EU and its allies.The bust, the boom and the sanctions in trade relations with Russia

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Section: Viljar Veebel Raul Markusmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…According to Mauricas (2015b), the overall export of dairy products fell by 23% in Lithuania, 32% in Latvia and 36% in Estonia from August 2014 to April 2015 due to the sanctions. However, the decline in exports to Russia has been partially compensated by the growth in exports to the other regions (Oja, 2015;Kitsing, 2015).…”

Section: Viljar Veebel Raul Markusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bust, the boom and the sanctions in trade relations with Russia

Veebel¹,

Markus²

2018

Journal of International Studies

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“…Additionally, there are also several scholars who argue that EU membership is something of a detriment to Latvia. Specific examples include that Latvia and the rest of Eastern Europe are sacrificing their normative values to those of the EU as determined by larger states in Western Europe (Vilson 2015, Makarychev 2015, Bechev 2015, Paenke 2015, Kazharski and Makarychev 2015, that Latvia has far less say in its own foreign and domestic policies than it would otherwise have (Panke 2010, Wivel 2012, Rostoks 2012, Ozoliņš et al 2015, that the largest states in the EU are no different from Russia in that they all look out for their own interests at the expense of smaller states (Molder 2011, Shlapentokh 2012, and that EU membership has not actually benefited Latvia's economy as much or in ways that many hoped (Oja 2015, Vitkus 2015, Ozoliņš et al 2015. More specifically, there is a current argument that EU membership is actually hurting Latvia's economy because of Russian countersanctions (Oja 2015).…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Does Latvia Matter in Regional Geopolitics?

Lamoreaux

Dyerly

2018

Journal on Baltic Security

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As early as 1994, scholars, analysts and policymakers began to wonder the extent to which the Baltic States mattered in the relationship between Russia and the West. The general consensus for the following 20 years was that the Baltic States matter considerably, especially following their inclusion in both the EU and NATO in 2004. However, in the past few years two trends have emerged which begin to call this accepted knowledge into question. First, the relationship between Russia and the West has turned more hostile following nearly 20 years of detente. The West insists (especially NATO) insists that it is within its right to protect states that were formerly part of the Soviet Union/Russia’s “near abroad”. Russia, on the other hand, insists that NATO incursion into the “shared neighborhood” is a violation of trust and overstepping normal geopolitical bounds.Second, the Baltic States who once presented something of a united front for the West against Russia, no longer appear to have a common approach to foreign policy. While Estonia leans toward Scandinavia, and Lithuania leans toward Poland and Ukraine, Latvia is a bit of an odd man out with nowhere to turn. Furthermore, even other states in the Shared Neighborhood no longer seem to see Latvia as a valuable ally within the West. Considering this state of affairs, this paper considers whether Latvia matters anymore in regional geopolitics, or whether they are losing relevance.

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“…HD 268518 was selected for calibration in this study because of its close proximity to Vesta from 28 December 2005 to 8 January 2006, and because of its G0 spectral classification, which suggests that this star is a solar analog. HD 268518 (B = 8.193 and R C = 7.227 mag) is a standard star in the Johnson-Cousins photometric system, which is based on the Vega magnitude system (Oja 1996). Since HD 268518 is not a standard star in the SDSS photometric system, which is based on the AB magnitude system, it was calibrated with respect to the SDSS standard stars SA 97 249, SA 97 284, SA 97 288, SA 97 345, SA 97 351, SA 100 280, and SA 100 394 (Smith et al 2002), resulting in z ′ = 7.260 mag.…”

Section: Photometric Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The opposition effect of the asteroid 4 Vesta

Hasegawa

Miyasaka

Tokimasa³

et al. 2014

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

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We present the results of photometric observations carried out with four small telescopes of the asteroid 4 Vesta in the B, R C , and z ′ bands at a minimum phase angle of 0.1 • . The magnitudes, reduced to unit distance and zero phase angle, were M B (1,1,0) = 3.83 ± 0.01,M R C (1,1,0) = 2.67 ± 0.01, and M z ′ (1,1,0) = 3.03 ± 0.01 mag. The absolute magnitude obtained from the IAU H-G function is ∼0.1 mag darker than the magnitude at a phase angle of 0 • determined from the Shevchenko function and Hapke models with the coherent backscattering effect term. Our photometric measurements allowed us to derive geometric albedos of 0.35 in the B band, 0.41 in the R C band, and 0.31 in the z ′ bands by using the Hapke model with the coherent backscattering effect term. Using the Hapke model, the porosity of the optically active regolith on Vesta was estimated to be ρ = 0.4-0.7, yielding the bluk density of 0.9-2.0 × 10 3 kg m −3 . It is evident that the opposition effect for Vesta makes a contribution to not only the shadow-hiding effect, but also the coherent backscattering effect that 1 appears from ca. 1 • . The amplitude of the coherent backscatter opposition effect for Vesta increases with a brightening of reflectance. By comparison with other solar system bodies, we suggest that multiple-scattering on an optically active scale may contribute to the amplitude of the coherent backscatter opposition effect (B C0 ).

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No milk for the bear: the impact on the Baltic states of Russia's counter-sanctions

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

The bust, the boom and the sanctions in trade relations with Russia

The bust, the boom and the sanctions in trade relations with Russia

Does Latvia Matter in Regional Geopolitics?

The opposition effect of the asteroid 4 Vesta

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