No measurable fitness cost to experimentally evolved host defence in the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans–Serratia marcescens</i> host–parasite system

Penley, McKenna J.; Greenberg, Arielle B.; Khalid, Arooj; Namburar, Sathvik R.; Morran, Levi T.

doi:10.1111/jeb.13372

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Besides its genetic tractability, use of this organism allows the analysis of evolution at different timescales. For example, experimental evolution can be used to study evolutionary processes in controlled environments on the order of 10–1000 generations (Gray and Cutter, 2014; Teotónio et al, 2017; Penley et al, 2018; Chelo et al, 2019; Saxena et al, 2019; Wernick et al, 2019). For longer timescales, a growing number of isolated and sequenced Caenorhabditis species can be used to study genetic differences responsible for species-level differences (Ting et al, 2018; Yin et al, 2018; Bi et al, 2019; Stevens et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Yin and Yang isoforms of a chromatin remodeling subunit precedes the creation of two genes

Long

Zhao

et al. 2019

eLife

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Genes can encode multiple isoforms, broadening their functions and providing a molecular substrate to evolve phenotypic diversity. Evolution of isoform function is a potential route to adapt to new environments. Here we show that de novo, beneficial alleles in the nurf-1 gene became fixed in two laboratory lineages of C. elegans after isolation from the wild in 1951, before methods of cryopreservation were developed. nurf-1 encodes an ortholog of BPTF, a large (>300 kD) multidomain subunit of the NURF chromatin remodeling complex. Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and transgenic rescue, we demonstrate that in C. elegans, nurf-1 has split into two, largely non-overlapping isoforms (NURF-1.D and NURF-1.B, which we call Yin and Yang, respectively) that share only two of 26 exons. Both isoforms are essential for normal gametogenesis but have opposite effects on male/female gamete differentiation. Reproduction in hermaphrodites, which involves production of both sperm and oocytes, requires a balance of these opposing Yin and Yang isoforms. Transgenic rescue and genetic position of the fixed mutations suggest that different isoforms are modified in each laboratory strain. In a related clade of Caenorhabditis nematodes, the shared exons have duplicated, resulting in the split of the Yin and Yang isoforms into separate genes, each containing approximately 200 amino acids of duplicated sequence that has undergone accelerated protein evolution following the duplication. Associated with this duplication event is the loss of two additional nurf-1 transcripts, including the long-form transcript and a newly identified, highly expressed transcript encoded by the duplicated exons. We propose these lost transcripts are non-functional side products necessary to transcribe the Yin and Yang transcripts in the same cells. Our work demonstrates how gene sharing, through the production of multiple isoforms, can precede the creation of new, independent genes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Yin and Yang isoforms of a chromatin remodeling subunit precedes the creation of two genes

Long

Zhao

et al. 2019

eLife

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“…There are high levels of inversions in some of the founder lines used in our study, but the extent to which the resulting linkage disequilibrium affected our observed phenotypes is unknown. Yet, some studies do not find any cost to laboratory evolved immune defense (Faria et al 2015;Penley et al 2018). For example, evolved immune defense through three selection regimes, oral and systemic infection with P. entomophila and systemic infection with Drosophila C virus, did not trade-off against reproductive output, development time, stress resistance, and other fitness characters (Faria et al 2015), although Faria et al (2015) did not examine potential trade-offs with uninfected longevity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic basis ofDrosophila melanogasterdefense againstBeauveria bassianaexplored through evolve and resequence and quantitative trait locus mapping

Shahrestani

King

Ramezan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Many of the molecular mechanisms for antifungal immunity in Drosophila melanogaster have been defined, but relatively little is known about the genetic basis for variation in antifungal immunity in natural populations. Using two population genetic approaches, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Mapping and Evolve and Resequence (E&R), we explored the genetics underlying D. melanogaster immune defense against infection with the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Immune defense was highly variable both in the recombinant inbred lines from the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource used for our QTL Mapping and in the synthetic outbred populations used in our E&R study. Survivorship of infection improved dramatically over just 10 generations in the E&R study, and continued to increase for an additional 9 generations, revealing a trade-off with uninfected longevity. Populations selected for increased defense against B. bassiana evolved cross resistance to a second, distinct B. bassiana strain but not to bacterial pathogens. The QTL mapping study revealed that sexual dimorphism in defense depends on host genotype, and the E&R study indicated that dimorphism also depends on the specific pathogen to which the host is exposed. Both the QTL Mapping and E&R experiments generated lists of potentially causal candidate genes, although these lists were non-overlapping.

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“…With some species, we can often control for, or exploit, population differences in the extent of selfing and outcrossing, while also measuring inbreeding and/or outbreeding depression across multiple environments. However, empirical studies that document the costs and benefits of mixed mating strategies within a species are limited to a few model organisms ( Leavenworthia alabamica; Busch et al 2010, Layman et al 2017 , C. elegans ; Anderson et al 2010, Penley et al 2018, and some pulmonates; reviewed in Jordaens et al 2007). Here, I present results of an experiment using an emerging model for the evolution of mating strategies, one of two vertebrates that can toggle between self-fertilization and outcrossing as modes of reproduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreeding depression as a selective force on mixed mating in the mangrove rivulus fish,Kryptolebias marmoratus

Gresham

Earley

2021

Preprint

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Mixed mating, a reproduction strategy utilized by many plants and invertebrates, optimizes the cost to benefit ratio of a labile mating system. One type of mixed mating includes outcrossing with conspecifics and self-fertilizing ones own eggs. The mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) is one of two vertebrates known to employ both self-fertilization (selfing) and outcrossing. Variation in rates of outcrossing and selfing within and among populations produces individuals with diverse levels of heterozygosity. I designed an experiment to explore the consequences of variable heterozygosity across four ecologically relevant conditions of salinity and water availability (10ppt, 25ppt, and 40ppt salinity, and twice daily tide changes). I report a significant increase in mortality in the high salinity (40ppt) treatment. I also report significant effects on fecundity measures with increasing heterozygosity. The odds of laying eggs decreased with increasing heterozygosity across all treatments, and the number of eggs laid decreased with increasing heterozygosity in the 10ppt and 25ppt treatments. Increasing heterozygosity also was associated with a reduction liver mass and body condition in all treatments. My results highlight the fitness challenges that accompany living in mangrove forests ecosystem and provide the first evidence for outbreeding depression on reproductive and condition-related traits.

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No measurable fitness cost to experimentally evolved host defence in the Caenorhabditis elegans–Serratia marcescens host–parasite system

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

Evolution of Yin and Yang isoforms of a chromatin remodeling subunit precedes the creation of two genes

Evolution of Yin and Yang isoforms of a chromatin remodeling subunit precedes the creation of two genes

The genetic basis ofDrosophila melanogasterdefense againstBeauveria bassianaexplored through evolve and resequence and quantitative trait locus mapping

Outbreeding depression as a selective force on mixed mating in the mangrove rivulus fish,Kryptolebias marmoratus

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