“…Mirror experiments have also been conducted with non-primate species, with positive evidence in bottlenose dolphins (Marten & Psarakos, 1994;Reiss & Marino, 2001), Asian elephants (Plotnik, De Waal Frans & Reiss, 2006) and even manta rays, the biggest brained of all fish (Ari & D'Agostino, 2016). At the same time, small-brained species, such as great tits (Kraft et al, 2017) or cichlid fish (Hotta, Komiyama & Kohda, 2018), typically fail mirror self-recognition tasks, suggesting that mirror self-recognition may be a property of large brains, regardless of phylogeny (but see Gallup & Anderson, 2018). At the same time, there are a number of (disputed) claims of mirror-self recognition in Clark's nutcrackers (Clary & Kelly, 2016), Eurasian magpies (Prior, Schwarz & Güntürkün, 2008; but see Anderson & Gallup, 2015) and cleaner wrasse (Kohda et al, 2019; but see Vonk, 2020;De Waal, 2019) but not in giant pandas (Ma et al, 2015), suggesting that the complexity of a species' social life may also play a role (Gallup, 1998;Prior, Schwarz & Güntürkün, 2008).…”