No evidence for a ‘warning effect’ of blue light in roe deer

Brieger, Falko; Kämmerle, Jim‐Lino; Martschuk, Nadja; Ortmann, Sylvia; Hagen, Robert

doi:10.2981/wlb.00331

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Behavioral analyses of wildlife and WWR were conducted in 10 studies (e.g., Ujvari et al, 1998). Additionally, four studies analyzed optical response measures of cervids with respect to WWR effectiveness, but reflectors were not tested directly in these studies (Almkvist et al, 1980;Zacks and Budde, 1983;Martschuk, 2014;Brieger et al, 2017b), thus these studies were not considered further. Other studies used spectrometric (N = 2), physiological (N = 1), or meta-(N = 1) analyses to evaluate the efficacy of WWR (cf.…”

Section: Methodological Differences and Results Of Wwr Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wildlife Warning Reflectors' Potential to Mitigate Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions—A Review on the Evaluation Methods

2018

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Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) produce considerable costs in road traffic due to human fatalities as well as ecological and economic losses. Multiple mitigation measures have been developed over the past decades to separate traffic and wildlife, to warn humans, or to prevent wildlife from entering roads. Among these, wildlife warning reflectors (WWR) have been frequently implemented, although their effectiveness remains a subject of discussion due to conflicting study results. Here we present a literature review on the effectiveness of WWR for N = 76 studies, including their methodological differences, such as the type of WWR (model and color), study conditions, and study designs. We used boosted regression trees to analyse WVC-data addressed in the literature to compare WWR effectiveness depending on the study design, study conditions, effective study duration, length of the tested sections, time period of the study, data source, reflector type, and animal species. Our analyses revealed no clear evidence for the effectiveness of WWR in preventing WVC. Instead, our meta-analysis showed that most studies indicating significant effects of WWR on the occurrence of WVC may be biased due to insufficiencies in study design and/or the approach of WVC data acquisition. Our computation of log response ratios (LRR WVC) showed that only studies applying a before-after (BA) design concluded that WWR were effective. Moreover, BRT modeling revealed that only studies of <12 months effective study duration and <5 km test site length indicated that WWR might lower WVC. Based on the vulnerability to confounding factors of WWR-study designs applied in the past, this review suggests the standardization of study conditions, including a before-after control-impact (BACI) or a cross-over study design with spatial and temporal control sections, a minimum test site length and a minimum study duration.

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Section: Methodological Differences and Results Of Wwr Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wildlife Warning Reflectors' Potential to Mitigate Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions—A Review on the Evaluation Methods

2018

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“…However, the cervid's selection could represent the best-quality food patch when considering the information from their perceptual space, such as an increased risk of predation at the higher-quality food patch due to dense cover that limits sensory information and, consequently, impedes predator detection. Vision also plays an important role in human-cervid interactions and many approaches to decreasing human-cervid conflicts (e.g., vehicle collisions and crop damage) target vision [27][28][29]. Thus, knowledge of cervid visual ecology provides insights for interpreting behaviors and the development of effective conservation and management strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cervidae Visual Ecology

Newman,

D’Angelo

2024

Animals

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This review examines the visual systems of cervids in relation to their ability to meet their ecological needs and how their visual systems are specialized for particular tasks. Cervidae encompasses a diverse group of mammals that serve as important ecological drivers within their ecosystems. Despite evidence of highly specialized visual systems, a large portion of cervid research ignores or fails to consider the realities of cervid vision as it relates to their ecology. Failure to account for an animal’s visual ecology during research can lead to unintentional biases and uninformed conclusions regarding the decision making and behaviors for a species or population. Our review addresses core behaviors and their interrelationship with cervid visual characteristics. Historically, the study of cervid visual characteristics has been restricted to specific areas of inquiry such as color vision and contains limited integration into broader ecological and behavioral research. The purpose of our review is to bridge these gaps by offering a comprehensive review of cervid visual ecology that emphasizes the interplay between the visual adaptations of cervids and their interactions with habitats and other species. Ultimately, a better understanding of cervid visual ecology allows researchers to gain deeper insights into their behavior and ecology, providing critical information for conservation and management efforts.

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“…The sight of a human on foot may be more highly associated with targeted harassment (e.g., hunting) than the sight of a vehicle (Mols et al, 2022; Stankowich, 2008), and species may be more likely to become habituated to vehicles that frequently occur without associated predation or harassment (Lima et al, 2015; Mulero‐Pázmány et al, 2016). However, habituation or lack of response to vehicles is not always the result and may be species or context dependent (Brieger et al, 2017); this can occur with humans on foot as well (Wheat & Wilmers, 2016). Better knowledge of how species respond differentially to these disturbances may aid in developing a more predictive framework for species response to human presence on public lands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trucks versus treks: The relative influence of motorized versus nonmotorized recreation on a mammal community

Gump,

Thornton

2023

Ecological Applications

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Outdoor recreation is increasing rapidly on public lands, with potential consequences for wildlife communities. Recreation can induce shifts in wildlife activity and habitat use, but responses vary widely even within the same species, suggesting mitigating factors that remain poorly understood. Both the type of recreation—motorized or nonmotorized—and the distance of wildlife from human disturbance may be important in developing a general understanding of recreation impacts on wildlife and making more informed management decisions. We conducted a camera‐trapping survey in the Colville National Forest (CNF) of northeastern Washington in the summers of 2019 and 2020. We collected ~11,000 trap nights of spatially extensive data on nine mid–large mammalian species, simultaneously recording the presence and activity patterns of motorized (primarily vehicles on roads) and nonmotorized (primarily hikers on trails) recreation and wildlife both along trails and roads and off trails and off roads (away from most recreation). We used diel overlap analysis, time lag analysis, and single‐season single‐species occupancy modeling to examine the impact of recreation on the focal species. Species temporally avoided recreationists either by shifting to more nocturnal hours or delaying return to recently used recreation sites. Most species also responded spatially by altering the use or the intensity of use of camera sites due to recreation, although both positive and negative associations with recreation were documented. Species responded to nonmotorized recreation (e.g., hikers on trails) more often than motorized recreation (e.g., vehicles on roads). Most effects of recreation extended off the trail or road, although in three instances the spatiotemporal response of species to recreation along trails/roads disappeared a short distance away from those features. Our work suggests that a better understanding of landscape‐scale impacts of recreation, including fitness consequences, will require additional work to disentangle the effects of different types of recreation and estimate the effective distance at which wildlife responds. Moreover, these results suggest that quiet, nonconsumptive recreation may warrant increased attention from land managers given its potential to influence the spatiotemporal ecology of numerous species.

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No evidence for a ‘warning effect’ of blue light in roe deer

Abstract: BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Wildlife Warning Reflectors' Potential to Mitigate Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions—A Review on the Evaluation Methods

Wildlife Warning Reflectors' Potential to Mitigate Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions—A Review on the Evaluation Methods

A Review of Cervidae Visual Ecology

Trucks versus treks: The relative influence of motorized versus nonmotorized recreation on a mammal community

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