No end to cholera without basic water, sanitation and hygiene

Montgomery, Maggie; Jones, Megan Wilson; Kabole, Ibrahim; Johnston, Rick; Gordon, Bruce

doi:10.2471/blt.18.213678

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Community-level or mass population strategies in areas such as this may limit the reliance on active case finding or attendance at HCFs required by case-centred approaches, and provide interventions that also target the estimated 40 to 80% of cholera cases which are asymptomatic [19,131]. Ultimately, the elimination of cholera can only happen by limiting exposure to or reinfection from a contaminated environment for the entire population [1,64,108,132].…”

Section: Effective Interventions To Reduce Community-level Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…delivery of interventions to a defined area surrounding cases) [47]-and take advantage of the natural clustering of cases within a given distance and effectively reduce within-household transmission [44,49,63]. Whereas strategies that seek to prevent cholera could implement community-level measures-potentially aligning resources with longer term WASH-related disease control efforts [64]-and effectively reduce environment-to-human transmission during outbreaks [65,66] and prevent disease among populations deemed to be at an elevated risk of recurrent cholera [21]. Targeted approaches would also be efficient across resource-limited contexts, as part of a phased approach or in contrast to mass intervention campaigns [67].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines

et al. 2020

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Introduction Cholera remains a frequent cause of outbreaks globally, particularly in areas with inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. Cholera is spread through faecaloral routes, and studies demonstrate that ingestion of Vibrio cholerae occurs from consuming contaminated food and water, contact with cholera cases and transmission from contaminated environmental point sources. WASH guidelines recommending interventions for the prevention and control of cholera are numerous and vary considerably in their recommendations. To date, there has been no review of practice guidelines used in cholera prevention and control programmes. Methods We systematically searched international agency websites to identify WASH intervention guidelines used in cholera programmes in endemic and epidemic settings. Recommendations listed in the guidelines were extracted, categorised and analysed. Analysis was based on consistency, concordance and recommendations were classified on the basis of whether the interventions targeted within-household or community-level transmission. Results Eight international guidelines were included in this review: three by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), one from a non-profit organisation (NPO), three from multilateral organisations and one from a research institution. There were 95 distinct recommendations identified, and concordance among guidelines was poor to fair. All categories of WASH interventions were

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Section: Effective Interventions To Reduce Community-level Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines

et al. 2020

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“…Access to household's safe WaSH is among the important indicators that are used when controlling and protecting communities against waterborne and sanitation-related diseases such as cholera. 23,24 Although there have been reports about great achievements in access to safe drinking water, improved sanitation, and hygiene facilities during the past few decades, differences in the achievements and levels of coverage between and within countries such as in rural and urban exist (UNICEF). Tanzania is not exceptional to this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania

Jacob

Kazaura

2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Safe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.

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“…The fecal-oral route of undercooked food and infected water is the main pathway of cholera transmission attributed to inadequate hygiene, Yemen has poor sewerage and excrement disposal however. Improved water and sanitation services, as well as general sanitation, have proven to be effective in controlling and eradicating cholera in many nations [12]. Existing preventative and control efforts in Nigeria are multi-sectoral.…”

Section: Water Sanitation and Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

Cholera prevention and management in Yemen

Shan¹,

Zhang²

2022

HSET

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Cholera is an acute, watery diarrheal disease. It can cause people to vomit and diarrhea, dehydration and even death, it is caused by vibrio cholerae. Cholera is very severe in south America and some underdeveloped poor countries, it can be translated by water, food, mosquito, and it can be transmitted through contact with infected people. A country with a low level of education is more vulnerable to cholera because the people don’t have an awareness that they must keep their food clean and take some defensive measures when contacting patients. The main means of preventing cholera is to improve water quality and hygiene, which, despite improvements in hygiene and clinical treatment of cholera, still causes about 100,000 deaths a year. In conclusion, even if humans have mastered many ways to control cholera, cholera will still cause a lot of death in a few underdeveloped countries.

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No end to cholera without basic water, sanitation and hygiene

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines

Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines

Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania

Cholera prevention and management in Yemen

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