NO emissions from large point sources: variability in ozone production, resulting health damages and economic costs

Mauzerall, Denise L.; Sultan, Babar; Kim, Namsoug; Bradford, David F.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.041

Cited by 190 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Qian et al (2008) found a synergistic effect of PM 10 and high temperatures on daily cardio-respiratory (Bell et al, 2007;Confalonieri et al, 2007;Dominici et al, 2006;Fiala et al, 2003;IPCC, 2007a;Katsouyanni et al, 1993;Knowlton et al, 2004;Koken et al, 2003;Mauzerall et al, 2005;Ordonez et al, 2005;Rainham and Smoyer-Tomic, 2003;Ren and Tong, 2006) ▪ The elderly and individuals with pre-existing cardio-respiratory disease may be more vulnerable to these effects Altered exposure and risk ▪ Some populations may experience increases or decreases in POP exposures and health risks depending on the region and diet of exposed individuals (Bard, 1999;Gordon, 1997;McKone et al, 1996;Watkinson et al, 2003) ▪ Pesticides may impair mechanisms of temperature regulation especially during times of thermal stress Increased susceptibility to pathogens ▪ Toxicants can suppress immune function, and climate-induced shifts in disease vector range will result in novel pathogen exposure (Abadin et al, 2007;Haines et al, 2006;Lipp et al, 2002;Nagayama et al, 2007;Patz et al, 2005;Rogers and Randolph, 2000;Smialowicz et al, 2001) ▪ Immune system impairment linked to toxicants may increase human vulnerability to climate shifts in pathogens ▪ Low-income populations, infants, children, and the chronically ill may be more susceptible exposures may sensitize individuals to allergic disease ▪ Low-income populations, infants, children, and the chronically ill may be more susceptible mortality in Wuhan, China. The PM 10 effects were strongest on extremely high temperature days (daily average temperature 33.1°C) and weakest during normal temperature days (daily average temperature 18°C).…”

Section: Air Pollutants and Cardio-respiratory Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a number of studies suggest that the toxicity of ozone and PM will be exacerbated with global warming, and some of these data support that older adults will be especially vulnerable (Bell et al, 2007;Confalonieri et al, 2007;Dominici et al, 2006;Fiala et al, 2003;IPCC, 2007c;Katsouyanni et al, 1993;Knowlton et al, 2004;Koken et al, 2003;Mauzerall et al, 2005;Ordonez et al, 2005;Rainham and Smoyer-Tomic, 2003;Ren and Tong, 2006). Other potential interactions between climate change and toxicant exposure include increased susceptibility to pathogens (Abadin et al, 2007;Nagayama et al, 2007;Smialowicz et al, 2001) and aeroallergens (D'Amato et al, 2002;Diaz-Sanchez et al, 2003;Epstein, 2005;Janssen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Effects Of Climate Change On Contaminant-linked Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modeling studies also show increased mortality and morbidity with increased ozone exposure coupled with global warming (Bell et al, 2007;Knowlton et al, 2004;Mauzerall et al, 2005;Rainham and Smoyer-Tomic, 2003). For example, using the IPCC A2 climate scenario (i.e., high growth of CO 2 ), a 4.5% increase in ozone-related deaths in the U.S. from climate change was modeled for the mid 2050s compared to the 1990s (Knowlton et al, 2004).…”

Section: Air Pollutants and Cardio-respiratory Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

Noyes

McElwee

Miller

et al. 2009

Environment International

933

569

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Climate change induced by anthropogenic warming of the earth's atmosphere is a daunting problem. This review examines one of the consequences of climate change that has only recently attracted attention: namely, the effects of climate change on the environmental distribution and toxicity of chemical pollutants. A review was undertaken of the scientific literature (original research articles, reviews, government and intergovernmental reports) focusing on the interactions of toxicants with the environmental parameters, temperature, precipitation, and salinity, as altered by climate change. Three broad classes of chemical toxicants of global significance were the focus: air pollutants, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including some organochlorine pesticides, and other classes of pesticides. Generally, increases in temperature will enhance the toxicity of contaminants and increase concentrations of tropospheric ozone regionally, but will also likely increase rates of chemical degradation. While further research is needed, climate change coupled with air pollutant exposures may have potentially serious adverse consequences for human health in urban and polluted regions. Climate change producing alterations in: food webs, lipid dynamics, ice and snow melt, and organic carbon cycling could result in increased POP levels in water, soil, and biota. There is also compelling evidence that increasing temperatures could be deleterious to pollutant-exposed wildlife. For example, elevated water temperatures may alter the biotransformation of contaminants to more bioactive metabolites and impair homeostasis. The complex interactions between climate change and pollutants may be particularly problematic for species living at the edge of their physiological tolerance range where acclimation capacity may be limited. In addition to temperature increases, regional precipitation patterns are projected to be altered with climate change. Regions subject to decreases in precipitation may experience enhanced volatilization of POPs and pesticides to the atmosphere. Reduced precipitation will also increase air pollution in urbanized regions resulting in negative health effects, which may be exacerbated by temperature increases. Regions subject to increased precipitation will have lower levels of air pollution, but will likely experience enhanced surface deposition of airborne POPs and increased run-off of pesticides. Moreover, increases in the intensity and frequency of storm events linked to climate change could lead to more severe episodes of chemical contamination of water bodies and surrounding watersheds. Changes in salinity may affect aquatic organisms as an independent stressor as well as by altering the bioavailability and in some instances increasing the toxicity of chemicals. A paramount issue will be to identify species and populations especially vulnerable to climate-pollutant interactions, in the context of the many other physical, chemical, and biological stressors that will be altered with climate change. Moreover, it w...

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Section: Air Pollutants and Cardio-respiratory Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Climate Change On Contaminant-linked Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Air Pollutants and Cardio-respiratory Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

Noyes

McElwee

Miller

et al. 2009

Environment International

933

569

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“…NO x plays a central role in the chemistry of the troposphere, mainly through its impact on ozone (O 3 ) and hydroxyl (OH) radical concentrations. O 3 is a greenhouse gas (Wang et al, 1995) that adversely impacts human health (Mauzerall et al, 2005;Skalska et al, 2010) and leads to ecosystem damage (Ainsworth et al, 2012;Ashmore, 2005;Hollaway et al, 2012). It is produced through the reaction of peroxy radicals (HO 2 and RO 2 ) with NO (Dalsøren and Isaksen, 2006;Lelieveld et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interferences in photolytic NO<sub>2</sub> measurements: explanation for an apparent missing oxidant?

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Measurement of NO 2 at low concentrations (tens of ppts) is non-trivial. A variety of techniques exist, with the conversion of NO 2 into NO followed by chemiluminescent detection of NO being prevalent. Historically this conversion has used a catalytic approach (molybdenum); however, this has been plagued with interferences. More recently, photolytic conversion based on UV-LED irradiation of a reaction cell has been used. Although this appears to be robust there have been a range of observations in low-NO x environments which have measured higher NO 2 concentrations than might be expected from steady-state analysis of simultaneously measured NO, O 3 , j NO 2 , etc. A range of explanations exist in the literature, most of which focus on an unknown and unmeasured "compound X" that is able to convert NO to NO 2 selectively. Here we explore in the laboratory the interference on the photolytic NO 2 measurements from the thermal decomposition of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) within the photolysis cell. We find that approximately 5 % of the PAN decomposes within the instrument, providing a potentially significant interference. We parameterize the decomposition in terms of the temperature of the light source, the ambient temperature, and a mixing timescale (∼ 0.4 s for our instrument) and expand the parametric analysis to other atmospheric compounds that decompose readily to NO 2 (HO 2 NO 2 , N 2 O 5 , CH 3 O 2 NO 2 , IONO 2 , BrONO 2 , higher PANs). We apply these parameters to the output of a global atmospheric model (GEOS-Chem) to investigate the global impact of this interference on (1) the NO 2 measurements and (2) the NO 2 : NO ratio, i.e. the Leighton relationship. We find that there are significant interferences in cold regions with low NO x concentrations such as the Antarctic, the remote Southern Hemisphere, and the upper troposphere. Although this interference is likely instrument-specific, the thermal decomposition to NO 2 within the instrument's photolysis cell could give an at least partial explanation for the anomalously high NO 2 that has been reported in remote regions. The interference can be minimized by better instrument characterization, coupled to instrumental designs which reduce the heating within the cell, thus simplifying interpretation of data from remote locations.

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“…HNO 3 is then deposited via precipitation causing acidification to land, lakes and streams. Ground level O 3 is formed through a series of photolytic reactions between NO x , CO (carbon monoxide), and CH 4 (methane) and is a major component of smog in urban industrialised areas and can result in impacts to human health [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evaluation of waste tyre pulverised fuel for NOx reduction by reburning

Nimmo¹,

Singh²,

Gibbs³

et al. 2008

Fuel

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The combustion of coal for power generation will continue to play a major role in the future, however, this must be achieved using cleaner technologies than we use at present. Scrap tyre arisings in the UK are 400,000 tonnes per year amounting to 30 million tyres and in the EU as a whole, more than 2.5 million tonnes of tyres per year are scrapped. The recent EC Waste Landfill Directive (1999) sets a deadline for the banning of whole and shredded tyres from landfill sites by 2006. Consequently, there is an urgent need to find a mass disposal route for tyres. We describe, in this paper, a novel use for tyre rubber pulverized fuel in a NOx reburning process which may have an application in power station boilers. This method of disposal could represent a way of combining waste disposal, energy recovery and pollution control within one process. A preliminary study of micronised tyre combustion was undertaken to identify the suitable size ranges for application in NOx reduction by reburning. Tests were performed in a down-fired, pulverised fuel combustor (PFC) operating at about 80kW. Superior combustion characteristics i.e. burnout were achieved with particle sizes less than 250 µm. A South African coal was used as the primary fuel in the reburn tests and the tyre was fed pneumatically via a separate feed system. Parameters studied, were, reburn zone stoichiometry and reburn fuel fraction. Additionally, the carbon content of the ash was carefully monitored for any effect on burnout at the fuel-rich reburn stoichiometries. The NOx reductions achieved with tyres are compared with reburning with coal. NO x reductions up to 80% were achieved with tyres at half of the reburn fuel feed rate required to achieve the same reductions by coal. The results have been evaluated within the context of other studies available in the literature on NOx reburning by bituminous coal, brown coal, gas and biomass.

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NO emissions from large point sources: variability in ozone production, resulting health damages and economic costs

Cited by 190 publications

References 25 publications

The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

Interferences in photolytic NO<sub>2</sub> measurements: explanation for an apparent missing oxidant?

The evaluation of waste tyre pulverised fuel for NOx reduction by reburning

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NO emissions from large point sources: variability in ozone production, resulting health damages and economic costs

Cited by 190 publications

References 25 publications

The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world

Interferences in photolytic NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurements: explanation for an apparent missing oxidant?

The evaluation of waste tyre pulverised fuel for NOx reduction by reburning

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Interferences in photolytic NO<sub>2</sub> measurements: explanation for an apparent missing oxidant?