No effect of mop-ending on ligament healing: Rabbit studies of severed collateral knee ligaments

Chimich, Dennis D.; Frank, Cy; Shrive, Nigel G.; Bray, Robert C.; King, Graham J.W.; McDonald, D.

doi:10.3109/17453679308993699

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Between 3 and 6 weeks of healing, the load-sharing ratio at MCL failure transitions from a capsule-dominated response to a MCL-dominated response, similar to that found for normal joints. The failure loads of the non-immobilized MCL increased with healing and were comparable to those of healing rabbit MCLs in a unilateral MCL scar model at 3, 6 , 14, and 40 weeks [5,6]. Interestingly, at 3 weeks of healing in the current study, isolating the MCL actually eliminated the capsular tissue that would provide the majority of the strength to the medial side of the joint.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Studies of the rat medial collateral ligament (MCL) used healing times on the order of 2 weeks typically, but some were as short as 1 week [2,4,7,13,14,16,22]. Studies of the rabbit MCL covered a large range of healing times from 3 to 104 weeks (2 years) [3,5,6,[8][9][10][11]. Likewise, studies of the canine MCL spanned 6 to 48 weeks (1 year) [12,15,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strength of medial structures of the knee joint are decreased by isolated injury to the medial collateral ligament and subsequent joint immobilization

Thornton

Johnson

Maser

et al. 2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Past studies of the healing of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in animal models have been conducted over a variety of healing intervals, some as early as 1 week. One concern with testing at early healing intervals is the difficulty in identifying and isolating the tissues that carry load. The purpose of this study was to determine if isolation of the MCL and healing time are critical factors in the assessment of structural strength in this model. Furthermore, the effect of immobilization on these critical factors was investigated. Our approach was to calculate the load-sharing ratio between the MCL and the MCL plus capsule. A 4 mm gap was created in the midsubstance of both hindlimb MCLs of 52 female New Zealand White rabbits (n = 104). Of these, 29 rabbits had their right hindlimb pin immobilized (immobilized group), leaving the left hindlimb non-immobilized. Testing was performed at 3 (n = 12), 6 (n = 22), and 14 (n = 24) weeks. The remaining 23 rabbits, which had both limbs non-immobilized (non-immobilized group), were tested at 3 (n = lo), 6 (n = 12), 14 (n = 12), and 40 (n = 12) weeks. For both groups, half of the specimens at each healing interval were used to test the MCL alone and half to test the MCL plus capsule, except for 3 week immobilized joints where only the MCL plus capsule was tested. Additionally, MCL (n = 12), MCL plus capsule (n = 6), and capsule alone (n = 5) were tested from normal animals. The load-sharing ratio at MCL failure for the normal joint was 89%, suggesting an MCL-dominated response. For the nonimmobilized group, the load-sharing ratio was 24% at 3 weeks of healing, suggesting a capsule-dominated response. At and after 6 weeks of healing, an MCL-dominated response was observed, with the ratio being 68% or greater. Thus, at less than 6 weeks of healing, the structural strength capabilities of the joint may be better represented by the medial structures rather than the isolated MCL. Immobilization delayed the transition from a capsule-dominated response to an MCL-dominated response in this model.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength of medial structures of the knee joint are decreased by isolated injury to the medial collateral ligament and subsequent joint immobilization

Thornton

Johnson

Maser

et al. 2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Treating Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries Operatively in the Acute Setting Is Potentially Advantageous

Holuba

Vermeijden

Yang

et al. 2023

Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery

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Collagen expression and biomechanical response to human recombinant transforming growth factor beta (rhTGF‐β2) in the healing rabbit MCL

Spindler

Dawson

Stahlman

et al. 2002

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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We investigated biomechanical and collagen expression in a healing bilateral rabbit medial collateral ligament (MCL) model to human recombinant transforming growth factor beta (rhTGF‐β2) at three and six weeks. Each rabbit had rhTGF‐β2 in a bioabsorbable pellet administered in one side, with the contralateral side serving as control (no rhTGF‐β2). All MCL healed with rhTGF‐β2 producing a profoundly increased scar mass at three weeks which decreased in size toward control at six weeks. In‐situ hybridization demonstrated collagen expression (type I and III) no different than control at three weeks, but by six weeks elevated expression of type I was seen. Biomechanical analysis at three weeks showed no effect of rhTGF‐β2 on structural properties. However, at six weeks rhTGF‐β2 significantly inhibited both the maximum load (p < 0.05) and energy absorbed (p < 0.05) with no change in stiffness. Despite increased type I collagen expression and profound increase in early scar mass, rhTGF‐β2 did not improve the structural properties. Whether the dose or mode of delivery is responsible for decline in structural properties cannot be determined in this design. We hypothesize investigations of healing ligaments to cytokines should have biologic and biomechanical properties correlated in the same study at a minimum of two time points. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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No effect of mop-ending on ligament healing: Rabbit studies of severed collateral knee ligaments

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

Strength of medial structures of the knee joint are decreased by isolated injury to the medial collateral ligament and subsequent joint immobilization

Strength of medial structures of the knee joint are decreased by isolated injury to the medial collateral ligament and subsequent joint immobilization

Treating Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries Operatively in the Acute Setting Is Potentially Advantageous

Collagen expression and biomechanical response to human recombinant transforming growth factor beta (rhTGF‐β2) in the healing rabbit MCL

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