No Difference in Urinary Iodine Concentrations Between Boston-Area Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants

Gordon, Joshua H.; Leung, Angela M.; Hale, Andrea R.; Pearce, Elizabeth N.; Braverman, Lewis E.; He, Xuemei; Belfort, Mandy B.; Nelson, Sara M.; Brown, Rosalind S.

doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0026

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In both studies, the UIC was found to be higher than in the present study; the 39 EBF infants (mean age 2.1 ± 0.2 months) in the study of Gordon et al () had a median UIC 204 μg/L (62–396), and the 64 EBF or PBF infants (mean age 1.6 ± 0.5 months) in the study of Leung et al () had a median UIC 197 (40–785) μg/L. Leung et al () reported no information on maternal dietary sources of iodine, but Gordon et al () reported maternal use of iodized table salts, kelp, iodine containing supplements, and recent consumption of common iodine containing foods. Although historically, Iceland has been known to be an iodine‐sufficient population, recent data suggest insufficient iodine status in pregnant women in Iceland where median UIC was found to be 89 μg/L (Adalsteinsdottir et al, ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Iodine status of breastfed infants and their mothers' breast milk iodine concentration

Petersen

Þórisdóttir

Þórsdóttir

et al. 2020

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Iodine is an essential nutrient for growth and development during infancy. Data on iodine status of exclusively (EBF) and partially breastfed (PBF) infants as well as breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) are scarce. We aimed to assess (a) infant iodine nutrition at the age of 5.5 months by measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in EBF (n = 32) and PBF (n = 28) infants and (b) mothers' breast milk iodine concentration (n = 57). Sixty mother–infant pairs from three primary health care centres in Reykjavik and vicinities provided urine and breast milk samples for iodine analysis and information on mothers' habitual diet. The mother–infant pairs were participants of the IceAge2 study, which focuses on factors contributing to infant growth and development, including body composition and breast‐milk energy content. The median (25th–75th percentiles) UIC was 152 (79–239) μg/L, with no significant difference between EBF and PBF infants. The estimated median iodine intake ranged from 52 to 86 μg/day, based on urinary data (assuming an average urine volume of 300–500 ml/day and UIC from the present study). The median (25th–75th percentiles) BMIC was 84 (48–114) μg/L. It is difficult to conclude whether iodine status is adequate in the present study, as no ranges for median UIC reflecting optimal iodine nutrition exist for infants. However, the results add important information to the relatively sparse literature on UIC, BMIC, and iodine intake of breastfed infants.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Iodine status of breastfed infants and their mothers' breast milk iodine concentration

Petersen

Þórisdóttir

Þórsdóttir

et al. 2020

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…Similarly, an American study (29) revealed no significant difference between the median iodine concentrations of breast milk and infant formula (155 µg/l, n 57 v. 145 µg/l, n 17). It also found similar iodine statuses among infants who were exclusively breast-fed (203 µg/l, n 39), formula-fed (182•5 µg/l, n 44) or received breast milk and formula (198 µg/l, n 10) (19) .…”

Section: Type Of Feedingmentioning

confidence: 76%

Is there any difference between the iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers in an area with iodine sufficiency?

et al. 2018

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Despite substantial progress in the global elimination of iodine deficiency, lactating mothers and their infants remain susceptible to insufficient iodine intake. This cross-sectional study was conducted to compare iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers at four randomly selected health care centres in Tehran. Healthy infants <3 months old and their mothers were randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Iodine was measured in urine and breast milk samples from each infant and mother as well as commercially available infant formula. The study included 124 postpartum mothers (29·2 (sd 4·9) years old) and their infants (2·0 (sd 0·23) months old). The iodine concentrations were 50-184 µg/l for infant formula, compared with a median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) of 100 µg/l in the exclusive breast-feeding group and 122 µg/l in the partial formula feeding group. The median values for urinary iodine concentration in the exclusive breast-feeding group were 183 µg/l (interquartile range (IQR) 76-285) for infants and 78 µg/l (IQR 42-145) for mothers, compared with 140 µg/l (IQR 68-290) for infants and 87 µg/l (IQR 44-159) for mothers in the formula feeding group. These differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for BMIC, ANCOVA revealed that feeding type (exclusive breast-feeding v. partial formula feeding) did not significantly affect the infants' or mother's urinary iodine levels. Thus, in an area with iodine sufficiency, there was no difference in the iodine statuses of infants and mothers according to their feeding type.

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“…Previous studies in Niger and Algeria also reported high median UICs (220 µg/L and 728 µg/L, respectively) in breastfed infants (33,37,38). Lower median UICs were observed in exclusively breastfed infants from the Boston area in the U.S. (204 µg/L) and Switzerland (82 µg/L) which are both considered iodine-sufficient populations (39,40). The scientific basis for the dietary iodine requirements during infancy is weak.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Breast-Milk Iodine Concentrations, Iodine Status, and Thyroid Function of Breastfed Infants Aged 2-4 Months and Their Mothers Residing in a South African Township

Osei

Andersson²,

Reijden³

et al. 2016

Jcrpe

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Objective:Lactating women and their infants are susceptible to iodine deficiency and iodine excess. In South Africa, no data exist on the iodine status and thyroid function of these vulnerable groups.Methods:In a cross-sectional study, urinary iodine concentrations (UIC), thyroid function, and breast-milk iodine concentrations (BMIC) were assessed in 100 lactating women from a South African township and their 2-4-month-old breastfed infants. Potential predictors of UIC, thyroid function, and BMIC, including household salt iodine concentrations (SIC) and maternal sodium excretion, were also investigated.Results:The median (25th-75th percentile) UIC was 373 (202-627) μg/L in infants and 118 (67-179) μg/L in mothers. Median household SIC was 44 (27-63) ppm. Household SIC and maternal urinary sodium excretion predicted UIC of lactating mothers. Median BMIC was 179 (126-269) μg/L. Age of infants, SIC, and maternal UIC predicted BMIC. In turn, infant age and BMIC predicted UIC of infants. Forty-two percent of SIC values were within the South African recommended salt iodine fortification level at production of 35-65 ppm, whilst 21% of SIC were >65 ppm. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, total thyroxine, and thyroglobulin concentrations in the dried whole blood spot specimens from the infants were 1.3 (0.8-1.9) mU/L, 128±33 mmol/L, and 77.1 (56.3-105.7) μg/L, respectively, and did not correlate with infant UIC or BMIC.Conclusion:Our results suggest that the salt fortification program in South Africa provides adequate iodine to lactating women and indirectly to their infants via breast milk. However, monitoring of salt iodine content of the mandatory salt iodization program in South Africa is important to avoid over-iodization of salt.

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No Difference in Urinary Iodine Concentrations Between Boston-Area Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants

Abstract: Both breastfed and formula-fed infants less than 3 months of age in the Boston area were generally iodine sufficient. Larger studies are needed to confirm these observations among infants nationwide and elucidate other factors that may contribute to infant iodine nutrition.

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

Iodine status of breastfed infants and their mothers' breast milk iodine concentration

Iodine status of breastfed infants and their mothers' breast milk iodine concentration

Is there any difference between the iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers in an area with iodine sufficiency?

Breast-Milk Iodine Concentrations, Iodine Status, and Thyroid Function of Breastfed Infants Aged 2-4 Months and Their Mothers Residing in a South African Township

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