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Walters, Glenn D.

doi:10.1023/a:1014819926761

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Masculinity, and masculine subculture values consider violence as a legitimate and even valued mode of behavior. Masculinity has previously been found to have a robust relationship with both criminal attitudes and behaviors (Walters, 2001 ). When masculinity is seen as being threatened, especially in situations that lead to a loss of significance, such as discrimination, job loss, or other life events, the individual may seek to reaffirm their masculinity (Bhui, Dinos, et al, 2012 ; Leander et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors

Wolfowicz

Litmanovitz

Weisburd

et al. 2021

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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Background Two of the most central questions in radicalization research are, (1) why do some individuals radicalize when most of those from the same groups or exposed to similar conditions do not? and (2) why do radicalized individuals turn to radical violence while the majority remain inert? It has been suggested that the answer to both questions lie in the cumulative and interactive effects of a range of risk factors. While risk assessment and counter‐radicalization take a risk‐protective factor approach, there is widespread debate as to what these factors are and which are most important. Objectives This review has two primary objectives. 1) To identify what the putative risk and protective factors for different radicalization outcomes are, without any predeterminations. 2) To synthesize the evidence and identify the relative magnitude of the effects of different factors. The review's secondary objectives are to: 1) Identify consistencies in the estimates of factors across different radicalization outcomes. 2) Identify whether any significant heterogeneity exists within factors between (a) geographic regions, and (b) strains of radicalizing ideologies. Search Methods Over 20 databases were searched for both published and gray literature. In order to provide a more comprehensive review, supplementary searches were conducted in two German and one Dutch database. Reference harvesting was conducted from previous reviews and contact was made with leading researchers to identify and acquire missing or unpublished studies. Selection Criteria The review included observational studies assessing the outcomes of radical attitudes, intentions, and/or radical behaviors in OECD countries and which provided sufficient data to calculate effect sizes for individual‐level risk and protective factors. Data Collection and Analysis One‐hundred and twenty‐seven studies, containing 206 samples met the inclusion criteria and provided 1302 effect sizes pertaining to over 100 different factors. Random effects meta‐analyses were carried out for each factor, and meta‐regression and moderator analysis were used to explore differences across studies. Results Studies were primarily cross‐sectional, with samples representing 20 countries OECD countries. Most studies examined no specific radicalizing ideology, while others focussed on specific ideologies (e.g., Islamist, right‐wing, and left‐wing ideologies). The studies generally demonstrated low risk of bias and utilized validated or widely acceptable measures for both indicators and outcomes. With some exceptions, sociodemographic factors tend to have the smallest estimates, with larger estimates for experiential and attitudinal factors, followed by traditional criminogenic and psychological factors. Authors' Conclusions While sociodemographic factors are the most commonly examined factors (selective availability), they also tend to have the smallest estimates. So too, attitudinal and even experiential factors, do not have effect sizes of the magnitude that could lead to significa...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors

Wolfowicz

Litmanovitz

Weisburd

et al. 2021

Campbell Systematic Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One study on U.S. adolescents showed delinquency and crime to be risk factors of school-based sexual victimization (Tillyer et al 2010). As studies on American youth and adults reveal, themes of aggression, power and "rulebreaking" are often emphasized in masculinity ideologies (e.g., Kulis et al 2010;Walters 2001), and involvement in these high-risk activities increases one's likelihood of being victimized. Delinquency, such as school truancy, substance use, and other deviant behaviors, is frequently found associated with victimization among U.S. adolescents (Gastic 2008;Rusby et al 2005).…”

Section: Individual and Interpersonal Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Peer Sexual Harassment Victimization Among Taiwanese Adolescents

Wei

Chen

2011

Sex Roles

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This study examined the individual and interpersonal factors of peer sexual harassment victimization among Taiwanese adolescents. A random sample of 1,376 7th to 9th grade middle school students in Taichung City, Taiwan, completed questionnaires about their demographics, delinquency, peer/teacher interaction, and experience of being sexually harassed by peers. Approximately 25.4% of the respondents had suffered peer sexual harassment during the previous semester. Boys reported more exposure to sexual harassment than did girls. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed separately for boys and girls. Significant risk factors of peer sexual harassment victimization for both genders included being bullied by peers and teacher maltreatment. Boys' sexual harassment victimization was also associated with their involvement in fights. Peer relationship problems contributed to girls' sexual harassment victimization. These findings suggested the relevance of a hostile school climate to peer sexual harassment and the gender differences in risk factors.

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“…Walters (15) argued that everyone engages in some CT errors at some point, but research seems to focus predominantly on those who are already involved in the criminal justice system (28)(29)(30)(31).…”

Section: Highlightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actor perspective and moral reasoning: Do levels of criminal thinking moderate this relationship among non‐criminals?

Miller

Batastini

Standridge

et al. 2021

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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A large body of literature has explored moral decision-making; however, fewer have examined the explicit role of criminal thinking (CT). This study sought to determine whether moral judgment is influenced by CT in the general population and if this relationship further depends on the type of scenario (i.e., immoral vs. illegal) and/or the actor orientation (i.e., self vs. other). Using a sample of 239 U.S. adults and hypothetical case vignettes, results showed that those who endorsed higher levels of CT rated socially deviant behaviors, regardless of the type of scenario, as significantly more morally acceptable than participants who endorsed lower levels of CT. However, this difference was more pronounced for the immoral dilemma compared to the illegal dilemma. Specifically, proactive CT processes led to higher justification for the immoral dilemma. Neither general nor reactive CT were significantly associated with moral reasoning for the illegal dilemma. Among a mostly non-offending sample, this finding makes sense as it appears participants' levels of criminal thinking may have been high enough to rationalize an immoral dilemma but not so high as to allow for rationalization of an illegal dilemma. No significant differences were found concerning actor orientation. This research not only has important implications for better understanding traits associated with moral decision-making in everyday choices, but it may also have practical application in legal contexts. However, further research is needed in these contexts. Findings were also limited by a lack of racial diversity among participants.

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Untitled

Cited by 27 publications

References 16 publications

Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors

Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors

Factors Associated with Peer Sexual Harassment Victimization Among Taiwanese Adolescents

Actor perspective and moral reasoning: Do levels of criminal thinking moderate this relationship among non‐criminals?

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