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Growth and properties of Ru-doped lithium niobate crystal

“…It has been proven to have great potential for applications in non-linear optics because Fe ions improve the photorefractive properties of LiNbO 3 . The Ru ion doping of non-linear crystals, such as Ru: BaTiO 3 [12], Ru: Bi 12 TiO 20 [13], Ru: Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 [14], Ru: Bi 12 SiO 20 [15], and Ru: LiNbO 3 [16] has recently been investigated, and indeed Ru ions can be helpful to improve the photorefractive properties. Furthermore, although LiNbO 3 is a good holographic recording material, it has a serious volatility problem when used for holographic data storage: the read-out process usually erases the stored information and amplifies the scattered light.…”

Mazer’s theory application in Bi4Ge3O12:V

“…BGO single crystals doped with vanadium are grown by Czochralski technique [6]. Some stohiometric Bi 2 O 3 :GeO 2 powders are mixed in a molar proportion 2:3.…”

Two-color nonvolatile holographic recording in Bridgman-grown Ru:LiNbO3 crystals

“…The photochromic effects caused by the Ru doping in the NLO crystals such as Bi 12 SiO 20 , Bi 12 TiO 20 , Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 and Sr 0.61 Ba 0.39 Nb 2 O 6 have been observed and reported [6][7][8][9]11]. The photochromism of Ru:LiNbO 3 was first reported by Fujimura et al [13], and the three-valence state of Ru ion was considered as a possible origin of the photochromism.…”

“…The doping of Ru ions has been proven to be useful to improve the photorefractive properties of many nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals such as Bi 12 SiO 20 [6], Bi 12 TiO 20 [7,8], Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 [9], BaTiO 3 [10], Sr 0.61 Ba 0.39 Nb 2 O 6 [11] and KNbO 3 [12]. Recently, nonvolatile holographic recording at a wavelength of 632.8 nm in Ru: LiNbO 3 crystals has been investigated [13].…”