NMR studies of polymeric sodium ion conductors—a brief review

Abstract

Sodium has long been considered an alternative active battery cation to lithium because of the chemical similarity and the overwhelming natural abundance of Na compared to Li. In the “early days” of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and alkali metal salt complexes proposed as polymer electrolytes, studies of Na-salt/PEO materials were nearly as prevalent as those of lithium analogues. Fast forwarding to the present day, there is growing interest in sodium battery chemistry spurred by the challenges of continued advancement in lithium-based batteries. This article reviews the progress made in sodium-based polymer electrolytes from the early days of PEO to the present time. Other polymeric electrolytes such as gel polymer electrolytes (GPE), including formulations based on ionic liquids (ILs), are also discussed.

Preparation and characterization of sodium-ion conducting biopolymer electrolyte membrane based on agar-agar with sodium nitrite for primary Na-ion battery.

“…The dopant introduces charge carriers, improving the overall conductivity of the polymer. Doping polymers with sodium nitrite can be explored for improving the performance of energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors [14]. The enhanced conductivity of the doped polymers can contribute to better charge/discharge properties and overall device e ciency.…”

“…The enhanced conductivity of the doped polymers can contribute to better charge/discharge properties and overall device e ciency. Studies of Na-salt/PEO materials review the progress made in sodium-based polymers [14]. The soft nature of sodium metal makes it simpler to achieve and maintain excellent contact with electrodes and electrolytes in solid-state or electrochemical devices [15].…”