NMR Lipid Profile of Milk from Alpine Goats with Supplemented Hempseed and Linseed Diets

Abstract

The supplementation of goat diets with natural products to obtain milk with nutraceutical components is a common practice. In these last years, the influence of supplementation of specifically designed diets has been studied with different analytical tools in order to explore possible beneficial effects in human consumption of animal milk and milk-derived products. In this study, the lipid fraction of milk from Alpine goats undergoing different dietary regimens was studied by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Alpine goats were fed with linseed or hempseed supplements, and after 14 weeks of treatment, milk was collected and analyzed. Results showed that feeding diets supplemented with seeds positively affected the fatty acid composition with a pronounced increase in unsaturated fatty acids for both diets compared to a control diet. Specifically, linolenic acid content was more than doubled for linseed diet compared with the hempseed and control groups, while linoleic acid greatly increased only upon hempseed supplementation. However, a number of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and higher levels of fatty acids with trans configuration were found in supplemented diets, particularly in the linseed diet.

Effect of Linseeds and Hemp Seeds on Milk Production, Energy and Nitrogen Balance, and Methane Emissions in the Dairy Goat

“…Lipid supplementation in dairy ruminants is a well-known strategy to modify the milk FA composition [ 53 ], as confirmed by the data of the present study. As expected, L and H diets caused a reduction in the synthesis of de novo FA.…”

“…Moreover, the reduction of de novo FA can be attributed to the availability of long-chain FA in the diet, which are potent inhibitors of mammary FA synthesis, through a direct inhibitory effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, as reported by Chilliard and colleagues [ 36 ]. On the contrary, long-chain FA are not synthesized by ruminant cells; therefore, their concentration in milk is closely related to the amount of long-chain fatty acids ingested with the diet [ 53 ]. In our study, the percentage of preformed FA (>16:0) was significantly increased by L and H diets.…”

“…The linseed diet significantly increased the concentrations C18:3 n-3, the most abundant FA in linseeds, in line with earlier studies in lactating goats, ewes, and cows [ 7 , 41 , 55 ]. Although the hemp diet, which is rich in C18:2 n-6, showed a higher concentration of this FA in rumen fluid [ 53 ], no effect was detected in the milk.…”

NMR and Computational Studies as Analytical and High-Resolution Structural Tool for Complex Hydroperoxides and Diastereomeric Endo-Hydroperoxides of Fatty Acids in Solution-Exemplified by Methyl Linolenate

“…(b) It allows the unequivocal identification and quantification of minor analytes even in strongly overlapped spectral regions, and thus, it is of importance in the emerging field of lipidomics [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], provided that a spectrometer with 1 H resonance frequency ≥600 MHz is used.…”

DFT Calculations of 1H- and 13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Geometric Isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (18:2 ω-7) and Model Compounds in Solution

“…The present method of DFT calculations of 1 H-NMR chemicals shifts in parallel with the use of the computer assisted structure elucidation (CASE) program [ 46 , 47 ] and the development of experimental methods [ 6 , 10 , 48 ], could be of primary importance in geometric isomer identification and high resolution structural determination not only in isolated CLAs and their primary oxidation products [ 49 ], but also in mixture analysis in the emerging field of lipidomics [ 50 , 51 ].…”