NMR and the Study of Pathological State in Cells and Tissues

Ruı́z-Cabello, Jesús; Cohen, Jack S.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60424-6

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 277 publications

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“…Although they require rather long acquisitions in their conventional implementations, recent advances in high-speed methods may make these techniques practical for application in humans. [197][198][199][200][201][202] Although the focus here has been on proton MRS methods, several recent advances may make 13 C MRS feasible for human studies. These all center around the concept of 13 C hyperpolarization, which has been pioneered by the group headed by Golman.…”

Section: Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[197][198][199][200][201][202] Although the focus here has been on proton MRS methods, several recent advances may make 13 C MRS feasible for human studies. These all center around the concept of 13 C hyperpolarization, which has been pioneered by the group headed by Golman. [203][204][205][206][207][208][209] Using these techniques, signal-to-noise ratio enhancements of more than 10,000:1 have been achieved in vitro.…”

Section: Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current version of MRS has, over the past five decades, evolved from a technique (originally known as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or NMR spectroscopy) used in chemistry to determine the structure of molecules to a method with which to probe the metabolism of cells, tissues, intact animals, and humans. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Many of these applications involved acquiring 31 P spectra to assess the bioenergetics of the cells, tissues, or organs being studied. These studies required using additional radiofrequency (RF) hardware.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the early days of MRS, this difference in signal amplitudes posed several problems (discussed later in this article), addressed by development of a variety of techniques that either did not excite the background water signal or suppressed it substantially. 14 -16 One of the major motivations for using proton NMR methods is the greater sensitivity of the nucleus ( 1 H), compared with either 31 P or 13 C. All other factors being equal, the MR sensitivity is proportional to the cube of magnetogyric ratio for each nucleus. This translates into relative sensitivities of ϳ10:1 for protons relative to 31 P and ϳ64:1 for protons relative to 13 C (at equal concentrations of compounds and isotopic enrichments).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 -16 One of the major motivations for using proton NMR methods is the greater sensitivity of the nucleus ( 1 H), compared with either 31 P or 13 C. All other factors being equal, the MR sensitivity is proportional to the cube of magnetogyric ratio for each nucleus. This translates into relative sensitivities of ϳ10:1 for protons relative to 31 P and ϳ64:1 for protons relative to 13 C (at equal concentrations of compounds and isotopic enrichments). Notably, observing nuclei other than proton requires the development of RF coils and other specialized hardware tuned to their specific frequencies, whereas proton MRS uses the same hardware as standard MRI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in Magnetic Resonance Neurospectroscopy

Rosen

Lenkinski

2007

Neurotherapeutics

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Summary:Over the past two decades, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (proton MRS) of the brain has made the transition from research tool to a clinically useful modality. In this review, we first describe the localization methods currently used in MRS studies of the brain and discuss the technical and practical factors that determine the applicability of the methods to particular clinical studies. We also describe each of the resonances detected by localized solvent-suppressed proton MRS of the brain and discuss the metabolic and biochemical information that can be derived from an analysis of their concentrations. We discuss spectral quantitation and summarize the reproducibility of both single-voxel and multivoxel methods at 1.5 and 3-4 T. We have selected three clinical neurologic applications in which there has been a consensus as to the diagnostic value of MRS and summarize the information relevant to clinical applications. Finally, we speculate about some of the potential technical developments, either in progress or in the future, that may lead to improvements in the performance of proton MRS.

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Section: Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in Magnetic Resonance Neurospectroscopy

Rosen

Lenkinski

2007

Neurotherapeutics

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NMR spectroscopy and MRI investigation of a potential bioartificial liver

Macdonald¹,

Grillo²,

Schmidlin³

et al. 1998

NMR Biomed.

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NMR feasibility was established for a coaxial hydrophobic‐membrane bioreactor containing isolated rat hepatocytes with features designed to mimic the human liver. A novel triple‐tuned NMR probe and a perfusion system controlling temperature, gas concentrations, flow‐rate, and pH were used. We determined the optimum coaxial interfiber distance (i.e. diffusion distance) for maintaining hepatocyte viability in two bioreactor prototypes. Prototype no. 1 and no. 2 had diffusion distances of 500 μm and 200 μm, respectively. Cell viability was established by 31P NMR and trypan blue exclusion. Only prototype no. 2 maintained cell viability for more than 6 h, indicating the importance of diffusion distance. 31P spectra obtained over this 6 h time period were similar to in vivo spectra of rat liver. The 31P spectra were found to be more sensitive to subacute cell viability than trypan blue exclusion. In the 1H and 31P spectra, 1H2O and inorganic phosphate signals were split in two at all flow‐rates, probably due to bulk magnetic susceptibility effects originating from the three bioreactor compartments. MRI was useful for quality control and determining flow dynamics, fiber integrity, and cell inoculate distribution. MRI revealed that the inner fibers were not centered in either prototype. Although an increased flow‐rate did not influence spectral resolution or chemical shifts, significant degradation of MRI quality occurred above 50 mL/min. NMR spectroscopy and imaging provide valuable, real‐time information on cell biochemistry and flow dynamics which can be used in development and monitoring of bioreactors designed as artificial livers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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