“…NM23 was originally described as non-metastatic gene 23, which was found in mouse carcinoma cells and was thought to be inversely related to metastasis (Postel, 2003; Palmieri et al , 2006) although this has been controversial. There is evidence to support an intracellular role for NM23/NDPK in tumour metastasis (Hamby et al , 2000; Roymans et al , 2002), and high tissue levels of NDPK-A protein have been found in patients with breast carcinoma (Heimann et al , 1998; Sauer et al , 1998). Nucleoside diphosphate kinases are secreted by various solid and haematological malignancies (Anzinger et al , 2001; Niitsu et al , 2001; Okabe-Kado et al , 2005a) and promote growth of acute myelogenous leukaemia cells (Okabe-Kado et al , 2009b) and endothelial cells in vitro (Rumjahn et al , 2007).…”