NLR diversity, helpers and integrated domains: making sense of the NLR IDentity

Baggs, EL; Dagdas, Gulay; Krasileva, Ksenia V.

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.012

Cited by 193 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…IDs may also be associated with pathogenderived resistance and RNAi that plants use to inhibit viruses and other pathogens. Other studies support this diversity in IDs, showing similar results in other plant species [11,28].…”

Section: Ids Augment Nlr Function Through Signaling and Recognitionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Diversification of Disease Resistance Receptors by Integrated Domain Fusions in Wheat and its Progenitors

Andersen

Nepal

2019

Preprint

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Pathogenic effectors inhibit plant resistance responses by interfering with intracellular signaling mechanisms. Plant Nucleotide-binding, Leucine-rich repeat Receptors (NLRs) have evolved highly variable effector-recognition sites to detect these effectors. While many NLRs utilize variable Leucine-Rich Repeats (LRRs) to bind to effectors, some have gained Integrated Domains (IDs) necessary for receptor activation or downstream signaling. While a few studies have identified IDs within NLRs, the homology and regulation of these genes have yet to be elucidated. We identified a diverse set of wheat NLR-ID fusion proteins as candidates for NLR functional diversification through ID effector recognition or signal transduction. NLR-ID diversity corresponds directly with the various signaling components essential to defense responses, expanding the potential functions for immune receptors and removing the need for intermediate signaling factors that are often targeted by effectors. ID homologs (>80% similarity) in other grasses indicate that these domains originated as functional, non-NLR-encoding genes and were incorporated into NLR-encoding genes through duplication. Multiple NLR-ID genes encode experimentally verified alternative transcripts that include or exclude IDs. This indicates that plants employ alternative splicing to regulate IDs, possibly using them as baits, decoys, and functional signaling components. Future studies should aim to elucidate differential expression of NLR-ID alternative transcripts.

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Section: Ids Augment Nlr Function Through Signaling and Recognitionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Diversification of Disease Resistance Receptors by Integrated Domain Fusions in Wheat and its Progenitors

Andersen

Nepal

2019

Preprint

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“…The HR type of resistance is a frequent outcome of ETI. The mechanism of activation of R proteins and their interaction with effectors was the subject of intensive research in recent years (Baggs et al, 2017;Macho and Lozano-Duran, 2019). However, to get towards sustainable resistance in the field where plant is exposed also to other environmental stressors, understanding of downstream processes leading to pathogen arrest is of utmost importance to balance the trade-offs between growth and immunity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial accumulation of salicylic acid is regulated by RBOHD in potato immunity against viruses

Lukan¹,

Pompe-Novak²,

Baebler³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Corresponding author: Tjaša Lukan (tjasa.lukan@nib.si). SIGNIFICANCETo get towards sustainable resistance in the field, it is important to understand mechanisms of immune signaling. We here show novel aspects of spatial regulation in effector-triggered immunity (ETI) against potato virus Y. A detailed spatiotemporal analysis in and surrounding the foci of viral infection, on ultrastructural, biochemical and gene expression levels revealed that redox state maintenance is tightly spatiotemporally regulated. We also show the interconnection of salicylic acid and RBOHD through a feedback loop, regulated through UDP-glucosyltransferase, revealing the mechanism of this spatial regulation. The proper function of this loop is essential for successful ETI leading to viral arrest. ABSTRACTWhile activation of resistance (R) proteins has been intensively studied, the mechanisms acting downstream of R protein activation remain elusive. We studied effector-triggered immunity (ETI) conditioned by the potato Ny-1 gene against potato virus Y. Transcriptomic, ultrastructural and biochemical analyses of four consecutive tissue sections in and surrounding the foci of viral infection at three different lesion developmental stages revealed processes that are spatiotemporally regulated.The transcriptional response in the cell death zone and surrounding tissue is dependent on SA. For 2 some of the genes, spatiotemporal regulation is completely lost while for others, the regulation is different in SA-deficient line indicating multiple connections between hormonal signaling modules. The induction of RBOHD NADPH oxidase expression, together with expression of Thioredoxin H gene, occurs specifically in the border region of the lesion during ETI. In plants with silenced RBOHD, ETI is perturbed and virus spread is not arrested at the site of infection. Expression of RBOHD is under the control of SA. On the other hand, RBOHD activity is required for spatial regulation of SA accumulation.We identified an UDP-glucosyltransferase, encoding an enzyme involved in feedback activation of SA biosynthesis, that is derepressed at the border of the lesion in RBOHD silenced plants. Altogether, we revealed a novel aspect of viral ETI, the RBOHD-SA feedback loop required for its spatial regulation.

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“…Examples of network helpers include: NLR REQUIRED FOR CELL DEATH (NRC) clade (NRC2/3/4) (25) and CCRPW8 containing; N-REQUIRED GENE 1 (NRG1) (16,17), ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE (ADR1) (26) of NLRs. The NLR gene family is complex, with copy numbers variable by 10 fold between species of the same family (27). NLR copy numbers in crops range from as low as 30 in cucumbers to Drought and immunity pathway reduction in aquatic environments 6 as high as nearly 3,000 in hexaploid wheat (27,28).…”

Section: Adaptation Of Crops To New and Evolving Pathogen Threats Oftmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The NLR gene family is complex, with copy numbers variable by 10 fold between species of the same family (27). NLR copy numbers in crops range from as low as 30 in cucumbers to Drought and immunity pathway reduction in aquatic environments 6 as high as nearly 3,000 in hexaploid wheat (27,28). The variation in copy number of NLRs is becoming more apparent with the increasing number of available genomes, however due to the historical bias in genome sequencing favouring economically important or model species most of our information comes from the Brassicaceae, Solanaceae and Poaceae families (29).…”

Section: Adaptation Of Crops To New and Evolving Pathogen Threats Oftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent loss of an EDS1/PAD4 signalling pathway in several plant lineages predicts new components of plant immunity and drought response

Baggs

Thanki

O’Grady

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Drought and immunity pathway reduction in aquatic environments 2 AbstractThe transition of plants from sea to land sparked an arms race with pathogens. The increased susceptibility of land plants is largely thought to be due to their dependence on micro-organisms for nutrients; the ensuing co-evolution has shaped the plant immune system. By profiling the immune receptors across flowering plants, we identified species with low numbers of NLR immune receptors. Interestingly, four of these species represent distinct lineages of monocots and dicots that returned to the aquatic lifestyle. Both aquatic monocot and dicot species lost the same well-known downstream immune signalling complex (EDS1-PAD4). This observation inspired us to look for other genes with a similar loss pattern and allowed us to predict putative new components of plant immunity. Gene expression analyses confirmed that a group of these genes was differentially expressed under pathogen infection. Excitingly, another subset of these genes was differentially expressed upon drought. Collectively, our study reveals the minimal plant immune system required for life under water, and highlights additional components required for the life of land plants.Drought and immunity pathway reduction in aquatic environments 3 Author summaryPlant resistance to pathogens is commonly mediated by a complex gene family, known as NLRs. Upon pathogen infection, changes in the cellular environment trigger NLR activation and subsequent defence responses. Despite the dependence of agricultural practices on NLR genes to control pathogen load, relatively little is known about this gene family outside of model crop species. In this study, we identified a convergent reduction in the NLR gene family among two lineages of aquatic plants. Furthermore, we established that NLR reduction occurred in conjunction with the loss of a common immune signalling pathway. Subsequently, we identified other genes convergently lost in aquatic species and propose these as candidate components of the plant immune signalling pathway. In addition, we revealed components of the agronomically important drought response to be lost in aquatic plants. This study adds to our understanding of the complex interactions between environment and response to biotic stress, widely known as the disease triangle. The pathways identified in this study shed further light on the link between responses to drought and disease.Drought and immunity pathway reduction in aquatic environments

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NLR diversity, helpers and integrated domains: making sense of the NLR IDentity

Cited by 193 publications

References 87 publications

Diversification of Disease Resistance Receptors by Integrated Domain Fusions in Wheat and its Progenitors

Diversification of Disease Resistance Receptors by Integrated Domain Fusions in Wheat and its Progenitors

Spatial accumulation of salicylic acid is regulated by RBOHD in potato immunity against viruses

Convergent loss of an EDS1/PAD4 signalling pathway in several plant lineages predicts new components of plant immunity and drought response

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