Nitrous Oxide Fuels Blends: Research on Premixed Monopropellants at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) since 2014

Werling, Lukas; Hörger, Till; Manassis, Konstantin; Grimmeisen, Daniel; Wilhelm, Marius; Erdmann, Chiara; Ciezki, Helmut; Schlechtriem, Stefan; Richter, Sandra; Methling, Torsten; Goos, Elke; Janzer, Corina; Naumann, Clemens; Riedel, Uwe

doi:10.2514/6.2020-3807

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Measurements of the ignition delays of fuel–N 2 O mixtures were performed under different initial conditions using the static method, a rapid compression machine, or shock tubes. ,− …”

Section: Self-ignition Of N2o–h2 and N2o–hydrocarbon Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fair predictions of ignition delay times and LBVs of C 2 H 4 –N 2 O mixtures were delivered by Naumann et al and Werling et al , by adapting (optimizing) actual valid mechanisms, like the GRI 3.0 Mech. The reduced GRI 3.0 mechanism, containing only 22 species instead of 56, was tested with good results by Werling et al , for C 2 H 4 –N 2 O mixtures and then used to simulate the flame ignition and propagation processes by a CFD software (Fluent). The numerical simulations offer thus additional knowledge of processes occurring during the ignition and combustion in enclosures.…”

Section: Forced Ignitions Of N2o–h2 and N2o–hydrocarbon Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrous Oxide: Oxidizer and Promoter of Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Combustion

Razus

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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This Review examines the gas-phase oxidations of hydrogen and other fuels (ammonia, hydrazine, hydrocarbons) with nitrous oxide, running as self-ignitions, deflagrations, or detonations. Taking into account the main feature of nitrous oxide, i.e., its ability to decompose exothermally, this Review summarizes also the conditions determining an explosive evolution of N 2 O decomposition, and the characteristic parameters of this process, as self-ignition or after ignition by local energy sources. For fuel− nitrous oxide explosive combustion, this Review is focused on conditions where the explosive combustion takes place (flammability limits, minimum ignition energy) or it is quenched (quenching distance, Maximum Experimental Safe Gap) and on the characteristic properties of explosion development and propagation. These properties are separately examined for deflagrations and detonations. The DDT (Deflagration-to-Detonation) process is also taken into account, because it occurs in most technical applications of fuel−N 2 O combustion in enclosures. This Review is completed by a discussion of processes where nitrous oxide is promoter of fuel−oxygen or fuel−air explosive combustion.

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“…Measurements of the ignition delays of fuel–N 2 O mixtures were performed under different initial conditions using the static method, a rapid compression machine, or shock tubes. ,− …”

Section: Self-ignition Of N2o–h2 and N2o–hydrocarbon Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Forced Ignitions Of N2o–h2 and N2o–hydrocarbon Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous Oxide: Oxidizer and Promoter of Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Combustion

Razus

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Another type of prospective, low cost and high performance propellants are mixtures of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and fuels, also known as nitrous oxide fuel blends [24,25]. In comparison to a classical bipropellant system, only a single tank, feeding line and injection system is needed.…”

Section: Nitrous Oxide Fuels Blends (Nofbx) or Mixtures Of Hydrocarbo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the frame of the research activities described in this paper, a dinitrogen monoxide/ethene propellant mixture was chosen for investigation [25,29,30]. Ethene was selected as fuel due to a similar vapor pressure to nitrous oxide (vapor pressure at 273 K: C 2 H 4 : 41 bar; N 2 O: 31.2 bar [31]).…”

Section: Nitrous Oxide Fuels Blends (Nofbx) or Mixtures Of Hydrocarbo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters Influencing the Characteristic Exhaust Velocity of a Nitrous Oxide/Ethene Green Propellant

Werling

Bätz

2022

Journal of Propulsion and Power

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Currently several green propellants are under investigation to replace the toxic and carcinogenic monopropellant hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ). Beside alternatives as Ammonium dinitramide (ADN)-based propellants, Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN)-based mixtures or high concentrated hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), mixtures of fuels with nitrous oxide -called HyNOx or NOFBX represent promising green propellants. Compared to classical hydrazine, N 2 O/fuel mixtures offer a higher performance ( , * ), no or low toxicity and low propellant costs. To investigate the handling and performance of a propellant mixture consisting of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and ethene (C 2 H 4 ), hot gas combustion tests with an experimental combustor were conducted. This paper summarizes the results of 134 combustion tests conducted with the premixed propellant injected in gaseous state. Calculated and measured performance ( * and * ) depending on mixture ratio, characteristic combustion chamber length ( * ) and chamber pres-* ℎ

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“…At given moment, several tons of hydrazine are still consumed annually in European space activities. The DLR Future Fuels initiative is investigating so-called green propellants as hydrazine alternatives [3,4]. High potential candidates are hydrocarbon-nitrous oxide mixtures, since they are less or non-toxic, have a high specific impulse, and are less expensive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Green propellants” as a hydrazine substitute: experimental investigations of ethane/ethene-nitrous oxide mixtures and validation of detailed reaction mechanism

et al. 2021

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Mixtures of hydrocarbons and nitrous oxide are known as green propellants and could replace the highly toxic hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives as rocket fuel, since they are non-toxic and easier to handle, but still have a high specific impulse. Possible hydrocarbon candidates are ethane or ethene. To check the applicability of the two reaction systems, C2H6/N2O and C2H4/N2O, experiments are a prerequisite for accurate predictions under various conditions that are of great importance for the design of safe and reliable thrusters. Therefore, experimental literature data obtained from ignition delay times and laminar burning velocities were used to validate and optimize a new reaction mechanism, which is designed for C0–C3 and nitrogen oxides formation. To achieve a better predictive power of the detailed mechanism, the Arrhenius parameters of three reactions were adjusted: N2O + H ⇌ N2 + OH, N2O (+ M) ⇌ N2 + O (+ M), and NH + NO ⇌ N2O + H. A good agreement was achieved between simulation and experiment for ignition delay times at various pressures and equivalence ratios in a broad temperature range before and after the mechanism optimization. However, the laminar burning velocities in the whole measured range of the equivalence ratio for all pressures and dilutions showed a significant improvement after the optimization.

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Nitrous Oxide Fuels Blends: Research on Premixed Monopropellants at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) since 2014

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

Nitrous Oxide: Oxidizer and Promoter of Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Combustion

Nitrous Oxide: Oxidizer and Promoter of Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Combustion

Parameters Influencing the Characteristic Exhaust Velocity of a Nitrous Oxide/Ethene Green Propellant

“Green propellants” as a hydrazine substitute: experimental investigations of ethane/ethene-nitrous oxide mixtures and validation of detailed reaction mechanism

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