Nitrous oxide emissions in fluidized-bed combustion: Fundamental chemistry and combustion testing

Mann, Michael D.; Collings, Michael E.; Botros, P.E.

doi:10.1016/0360-1285(92)90010-x

Cited by 59 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Reduction of N 2 O can be achieved by increasing the volatile content of the fuel, air staging, NH 3 injection and sorbent addition (e.g. limestone) [3,55,57,58].…”

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of fluidized bed combustion—An overview of trends, performance and cost

Koornneef

Junginger

Faaij

2007

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

287

127

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The goal of this article is to chart and analyse the development and economical performance of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) and its derivates circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). A descriptive overview is given of the technology and the market penetration is discussed. To make further analysis possible a database is constructed. This database comprises technological and economical data on 491 FBC projects. Analysis of these projects shows that the technology variants (CFB and BFB) diffused differently over time. Drivers, which influenced the market diffusion and technological development are market regulation, environmental legislation and RD&D programs. Important drivers for FBC technology are fuel availability, required applications in the market, innovation spill over and competing technologies. In this article technical characteristics are charted, which show improvements in fuel diversification, technical availability, efficiency and emissions. In terms of economical performance the results show a decline in specific investment cost. Finally, the effect of technological learning and experience on the economical performance of FBC technology is analysed using the experience curve method and theory on economies of scale. A problem with applying the experience curve method is that it is not used often for large power plants like FBC plants and with it lacking a methodological standard. A method is therefore suggested. The analyses yielded progress ratios (PR) from 0.42 to 0.93 for different groups of projects (new plant, repower, retrofit, add-on and conversion) and different parts of the capital breakdown (total project price, engineering, procurement and construction price and boiler price). This means that the specific investment prices (in $/kWe) decline with, respectively, 58% and 7% with every doubling of cumulative installed capacity (in MWe). The progress ratio found for new FBC plants lies between 0.90 and 0.93. These values correspond with the average PR of 0.90 found for power plants in the literature. Further results show that economies of scale have a significant influence on the investment price. Scale factors are found in the range of 0.62-0.81 for different groups of projects. According to these scale factors specific investment price decreases, respectively, between 25% and 12% with every doubling of plant capacity (in MWe).

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“…Reduction of N 2 O can be achieved by increasing the volatile content of the fuel, air staging, NH 3 injection and sorbent addition (e.g. limestone) [3,55,57,58].…”

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of fluidized bed combustion—An overview of trends, performance and cost

Koornneef

Junginger

Faaij

2007

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

287

127

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“…At present, it is commonly believed that the contribution of N 2 O to the global greenhouse effect is 5% (Feng Bo et al, 1996a;Hayhurst & Lawrence, 1992;Mann et al, 1992;Wang Shaobin 1994;Wang Shaobin et al, 1994;Wang Shaobin & Su Weihan, 1995;Zhao Ruilan et al, 1996;Xu Wenbin & Hong Yetang, 1999;Zhao Zongbin et al, 1999). NO x (NO and NO 2 ) is not only the important component of acid rain, but also can absorb sunlight, then react with hydrocarbons to produce petroxyacetyl, nitrate, aldehydes and so on, and release into ozone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Nitrogen in Chinese coals

Lei

Zheng

et al. 2011

Chin. J. Geochem.

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Three hundred and six coal samples were taken from main coal mines of twenty-six provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China, according to the resource distribution and coal-forming periods as well as the coal ranks and coal yields. Nitrogen was determined by using the Kjeldahl method at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), which exhibit a normal frequency distribution. The nitrogen contents of over 90% Chinese coal vary from 0.52% to 1.41% and the average nitrogen content is recommended to be 0.98%. Nitrogen in coal exists primarily in organic form. There is a slight positive relationship between nitrogen content and coal ranking.

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“…In earlier studies (Hayhurst and Lawrence, 1992;Kramlich et al, 1982;Muzio et al, 1990;Smart et al, 1990;Kramlich et al, 1989;Martti et al, 1990;Bartok and Saro"m, 1991;Oude et al, 1992;Mann et al, 1992;Amand and Leckner, 1991;Hulgaard et al, 1991;Hiltunen et al, 1991;Wojtowicz et al, 1991;Ernola and Hupa, 1989;de Diego et al, 1996;Feng et al, 1996;Martin and Nancy, 1990a, b), the simulations were reported to be done by taking constant values of input parameters, viz., concentrations of CH , NH , HCN, combustion temperature (both theoretical and experimental); in order to match the theoretical stable combustion species' composition to those of experimental and then evaluate the behaviour of radical species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…It was concluded that contribution towards N O emissions is more from the fossil fuel containing more fuel-N (except in case of wood). Relatively high concentrations of N O from coal and oil and low from gas "ring, even with equal amount of fuel-N are reported in the literature (Oude et al, 1992;Mann et al, 1992;Amand and Leckner, 1991;Hulgaard et al, 1991;Hiltunen et al, 1991;Wojtowicz et al, 1991;Ernola and Hupa, 1989;de Diego et al, 1996;Feng et al, 1996;Martin and Nancy, 1990a, b). These surprising results about the N O formation and destruction in the combustion and its dependence on the modes of combustion has led the researchers to lay more emphasis on the combustion chemistry and chemical kinetics of N O.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…FBC technology uses coal at a low temperature of combustion and is envisaged with many advantages, viz., low NO V levels, SO V capturing options by limestone and diversity in the use of coal variety, etc. But laboratoryscale experimental investigations (Smart et al, 1990;Kramlich et al, 1989;Martti et al, 1990;Bartok and Saro"m, 1991;Oude et al, 1992) as well as theoretical studies (Mann et al, 1992;Amand and Leckner, 1991;Hulgaard et al, 1991;Hiltunen et al, 1991;Wojtowicz et al, 1991;Ernola and Hupa, 1989;de Diego et al, 1996;Feng et al, 1996;Martin and Nancy, 1990a, b) of coal combustion kinetics taking into consideration the experimental conditions suggest the emergence of N O gaseous products in signi"cant quantity. Hence, studies should be directed to clearly understanding the formation/destruction mechanisms of N O from coal combustion under the FBC conditions (i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Kinetics of N2O formation/destruction from coal combustion at low temperatures

Verma

Niwa

Okazaki

2001

Int. J. Energy Res.

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SUMMARYEmission of nitrous oxide (N O) from coal combustion at low temperatures has recently become a subject of intense research and debate, because of its increasing concentrations in the atmosphere and its known ability to deplete the Ozone layer and also to contribute to the Greenhouse e!ect. In the present study, the nonlinear, "rst-order di!erential equations, which describe the time behaviour of chemical systems, are solved using the analytical form of the "rst derivative of the species concentration, in order to calculate the time-dependent composition of various chemical species that evolve from the coal combustion. These studies are made under the low-temperature combustion conditions to determine the factors in#uencing the N O formation/destruction and a comparison with experimental "ndings has been done.

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Nitrous oxide emissions in fluidized-bed combustion: Fundamental chemistry and combustion testing

Cited by 59 publications

References 25 publications

Development of fluidized bed combustion—An overview of trends, performance and cost

Development of fluidized bed combustion—An overview of trends, performance and cost

Nitrogen in Chinese coals

Kinetics of N2O formation/destruction from coal combustion at low temperatures

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