Nitrous Oxide Analgesia in Relation to Mental Performance

Parkhouse, James; Henrie, Joyce R.; Duncan, Glen M.; Rome, Howard P

doi:10.1097/00132586-196106010-00042

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Performance during narcosis would, therefore, suggest that nitrous oxide selectively impaired memory for verbal information, while leaving visual recall intact. These results are similar to those of another study (Parkhouse, Henric, Duncan, and Rome, 1960) in which memory for paired designs on 30% nitrous oxide was significantly better than memory for nonsense syllables. The basis for this difference, however, is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Selective Performance Effects of Nitrous Oxide

Biersner

1972

Hum Factors

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Selective Performance Effects of Nitrous Oxide

Biersner

1972

Hum Factors

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“…On the other hand, the 15 minutes permitted in this trial is probably adequate for initial equilibration of arterial to alveolar tension of nitrous oxide (Kety andSchmidt, 1945, 1948), although an uneven ventilation-perfusion relationship may be present in the patients (Nunn and Payne, 1962 ;Palmer and Gardiner, 1964). The side-effects to be expected with slightly higher concentrations of nitrous oxide have been investigated in volunteers by several workers (Seevers et al, 1937 ;Sonnenschein et al, 1948 ;Steinberg, 1953Steinberg, , 1956Delisle Burns et al, 1960;Parkhouse et al, 1960;Robson et al, 1960). As the concentration of nitrous oxide is raised from 30% to 40% there is a progressive impairment of memory and of time sense and rise of sensory thresholds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Value of Premixed Nitrous-oxide-and-oxygen Mixtures in the Relief of Post-operative Pain

Parbrook¹,

Kennedy²

1964

BMJ

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x524781; n=3; 02>P>0-1.4. The last aspect of behaviour to be considered is delinquency. We know of all children who are brought before the courts between the ages of 8 and 17. The proportions are closely similar for those having measles before the age of 6 (4.9% delinquent) and for those having measles later or not at all (4.7% delinquent),3 so that there is no evidence that early measles is associated with troublesome behaviour in later school life. SummaryThe National Survey of Health and Development provides information about the history of measles, and the educational progress and emotional stability of 3,729 children who were followed up over a period of 15 years. There is no suggestion from this survey that children who have measles are impaired in their later educational progress. Those who get measles early, before the age of 2, do rather worse in tests of mental ability and school performance than the rest of the children, but this is sufficiently explained by their adverse home circumstances.There is also no evidence from this survey that children who get measles early show an excess of later abnormalities of behaviour; indeed, those who get measles late are rather more nervous than the rest, perhaps because they have been overprotected in infancy and childhood. These conclusions are by no means incompatible with those of the much larger survey made by Miller (1964) Overholt (1930), and Bromage (1955), and Masson (1962, who showed that wound pain reduces the vital capacity of patients after operation, and the degree of improvement of the vital capacity with treatment can be used to provide an index of the degree of pain relief. Apparatus and MethodComparative vital capacity readings were obtained using a Wright respirometer with a rubber mouth-piece attached and a nose-clip in situ. Three consecutive readings were taken on

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“…5,6 Nitrous oxide effects were classified into four zones of analgesia. Early studies evaluating its potency in comparison with opioid analgesics reported that 30% nitrous oxide is equivalent to 10-15mg of morphine.…”

Section: What Is Entonox ® and How Does It Work?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Entonox® inhalation to reduce pain in common diagnostic and therapeutic outpatient urological procedures: a review of the evidence

Young

Ismail

Papatsoris

et al. 2012

annals

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INTRODUCTION Entonox® (50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen; BOC Healthcare, Manchester, UK) is an analgesic and anxiolytic agent that is used to successfully reduce pain and anxiety during dental, paediatric and emergency department procedures. In this article we review the application and efficacy of Entonox® in painful local anaesthesia urological procedures by performing a systematic review of the literature. METHODS A MEDLINE® search was performed using the terms ‘nitrous oxide’, ‘Entonox’, ‘prostate biopsy’, ‘flexible cystoscopy’ and ‘extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy’. English language publications of randomised studies were identified and reviewed. RESULTS The search yielded five randomised studies that investigated the clinical efficacy of Entonox® as an analgesic for day case urological procedures. Three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigated Entonox® in transrectal ultrasonography guided prostate biopsy. All three reported significant reductions in pain score in the Entonox® versus control groups. One RCT reported significant reduction in pain during male flexible cystoscopy in the Entonox® group compared with the control group. One RCT, which examined the use of Entonox® during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, found its use significantly decreased the pain score compared with the control group and this was comparable to intravenous pethidine. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from varied adult and paediatric procedures has shown Entonox® to be an effective, safe and patient acceptable form of analgesia. All published studies of its use in urological day case procedures have found it to significantly reduce procedural pain. There is huge potential to use this cheap, safe, effective analgesic in our current practice.

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Nitrous Oxide Analgesia in Relation to Mental Performance

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Selective Performance Effects of Nitrous Oxide

Selective Performance Effects of Nitrous Oxide

Value of Premixed Nitrous-oxide-and-oxygen Mixtures in the Relief of Post-operative Pain

Entonox® inhalation to reduce pain in common diagnostic and therapeutic outpatient urological procedures: a review of the evidence

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