Nitrogenous Excretion

Cochran, Donald G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-030805-0.50017-1

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 194 publications

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“…Free ammonia is toxic and large quantities of water are required for its elimination. Therefore, ammonia is often an important medium for nitrogen excretion in aquatic arthropods but is seldom important as an excretory substance in terrestrial animals (Wigglesworth 1972;Cochran 1985). Though ammonia was reported by Wigglesworth (1931) to be absent from the excretory products of R. prolixus analysed directly at dierent stages of excretion, Harington (1961) has reported presence of ammonia in the excreta of R. prolixus and T. infestans collected from ®lter papers in the jars containing ®fth instar and adult bugs.…”

Section: Signi®cance Of Ammonia For Triatominesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia attracts the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans : behavioural and neurophysiological data on nymphs

Taneja

Guérin

1997

Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behav

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1) Nymphs of the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) are attracted to volatiles from their own faeces on a servosphere. 2) Biological substrates attractive to triatomines release NH 3 : wetted triatomine faecal papers release NH 3 at 256 ppb NH 3 from a 60-g source and stale rabbit urine at 394 ppb from 200 ml. Ammonia released from aqueous NH 3 also attracts bugs at doses of 3 ppb and 17 ppb on the servosphere. 3) Bugs typically show negative anemotaxis in a stimulus-free air-stream on the servosphere. At onset of stimulation with ammonia from either biological substrates or aqueous NH 3 the bugs stop, move their antennae, turn and walk upwind, i.e. odour-mediated anemotaxis. 4) At lower NH 3 doses a latency in attraction is recorded, but this latency disappears when the relative humidity of the stimulus delivery air-stream is dropped from 90 to 35%. 5) Electrophysiological recordings from single olfactory sensilla on antennae of Triatoma nymphs reveal two dierent types of NH 3 -excited receptors, both within grooved-peg sensilla. The responses of one of these receptor cells to NH 3 has been studied in detail and shows that the action potential discharge rate is dosedependent over the range 2±200 ppb. 6) The amplitudes of electroantennograms recorded from Triatoma nymphs to NH 3 are dose dependent over the range 5±550 ppb.

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Section: Signi®cance Of Ammonia For Triatominesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia attracts the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans : behavioural and neurophysiological data on nymphs

Taneja

Guérin

1997

Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behav

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“…Honeydew, on the other hand, is frequently exploited by insect parasitoids (Jervis et al, 1996;Wäckers, 2000;Heimpel et al, 2004). It contains amino acids in significant amounts (Gray, 1952;Auclair, 1963;van Vianen, 1982;Cochran, 1985;Crane & Walker, 1986;van Vianen, 1987;Byrne & Miller, 1990), which parasitoids need to sustain oogenesis. In cases of parasitoids attacking Homoptera, searching for honeydew does not reduce the time available to search for hosts (Wäckers, 1994;Takasu & Lewis, 1995), because honeydew is produced by the host and can be directly imbibed from the host anus (Vos, 1995;Zoebelein, 1955;Jervis et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of host feeding for parasitoids that attack honeydew‐producing hosts

Burger¹,

Kormany²,

Lenteren³

et al. 2005

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Insect parasitoids lay their eggs in arthropods. Some parasitoid species not only use their arthropod host for oviposition but also for feeding. Host feeding provides nutrients to the adult female parasitoid. However, in many species, host feeding destroys an opportunity to oviposit. For parasitoids that attack Homoptera, honeydew is a nutrient-rich alternative that can be directly imbibed from the host anus without injuring the host. A recent study showed that feeding on host-derived honeydew can be an advantageous alternative in terms of egg quantity and longevity. Here we explore the conditions under which destructive host feeding can provide an advantage over feeding on honeydew. For 5 days, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitoids were allowed daily up to 3 h to oviposit until host feeding was attempted. Host feedings were either prevented or allowed and parasitoids had ad libitum access to honeydew between foraging bouts. Even in the presence of honeydew, parasitoids allowed to host feed laid more eggs per hour of foraging per host-feeding attempt than parasitoids that were prevented from host feeding. The higher egg-laying rate was not compromised by survival or by change in egg volume over time. In conclusion, host feeding can provide an advantage over feeding on honeydew. This applies most likely under conditions of high host density or low extrinsic mortality of adult parasitoids, when alternative food sources cannot supply enough nutrients to prevent egg limitation. We discuss how to integrate ecological and physiological studies on host-feeding behavior.

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“…Excretory metabolites such as allantoin, urea, and ammonia (despite its toxicity -Wigglesworth, 1972;Cochran, 1985), may be excreted and/or stored during the blood volume decrease of insect dehydration. When access to water is permitted, metabolism is increased and both newlyformed and stored excretory metabolites are extruded from tissues into an increased blood volume (Djajakusumah & Miles, 1966).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why does the Namib Desert tenebrionid Onymacris unguicularis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fog-bask?

Naidu¹

2008

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Dehydration of Onymacris unguicularis (Haag) for 10 days at 27°C resulted in a weight loss of 14.9%, and a 37% decrease in haemolymph volume. Although there was an overall decrease in the lipid content during this period, metabolic water production was insufficient to maintain total body water (TBW). Rehydration resulted in increases in body weight (6.2% of initial weight), TBW (to normality), and haemolymph volume (sub-normal at the end of rehydration). Despite an increase of 44.0 mg in the wet weight of O. unguicularis after drinking for 1h, there was little change in the water content at this time, although the total lipid content increased significantly. Increases in haemolymph osmolality, sodium, potassium, chloride, amino acid and total sugar concentrations during dehydration were subject to osmoregulatory control. No evidence of an active amino acid-soluble protein interchange was noted during dehydration or rehydration. Haemolymph trehalose levels were significantly increased at the end of rehydration (relative to immediate pre-rehydration values), indicating de novo sugar synthesis at this time. Osmotic and ionic regulation was evident during rehydration, but control of OP during haemolymph-dilution is poor and accomplished largely by the addition to the haemolymph of free amino acids and solute(s) not measured in this study. There was little mobilization of sodium and chloride ions from storage sites at this time. The lesser osmoregulatory ability of Onymacris unguicularis and perhaps earlier susceptibility to osmotic stress, a significantly high normal blood glycerol level (relative to other diurnal adesmiine tenebrionids), and a water storage mechanism associated with synthesis of fat, probably all contribute to the development of fog-basking behaviour in this species. Water gain in O. unguicularis during periods of relative drought is probably largely accomplished by a greater food consumption.

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Nitrogenous Excretion

Cited by 17 publications

References 194 publications

Ammonia attracts the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans : behavioural and neurophysiological data on nymphs

Ammonia attracts the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans : behavioural and neurophysiological data on nymphs

Importance of host feeding for parasitoids that attack honeydew‐producing hosts

Why does the Namib Desert tenebrionid Onymacris unguicularis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fog-bask?

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