Nitrogen supply affects root:shoot ratio in corn and velvetleaf (<i>Abutilon theophrasti</i>)

Bonifas, Kimberly D.; Walters, Daniel T.; Cassman, Kenneth G.; Lindquist, John L.

doi:10.1614/ws-05-002r.1

Cited by 120 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…Lindquist and Mortensen (1999) argued that velvetleaf causes corn yield loss primarily through competition for light, suggesting that leaf area and plant height are important canopy characteristics that determine the outcome of corn-velvetleaf competition. Both plant height and leaf area development can be influenced by the availability and competition for belowground resources (Bonifas et al 2005;Bonifas and Lindquist 2006;McCullough et al 1994;Radin 1983;Zhou et al 1997). Nitrogen (N) addition has a positive effect on both corn and velvetleaf growth, but velvetleaf height, leaf area index (LAI), and biomass tend to respond more to N addition than corn (Barker et al 2006).…”

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Comparative Nitrogen Uptake and Distribution in Corn and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

et al. 2007

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Weeds compete with crops for light, soil water, and nutrients. Nitrogen (N) is the primary limiting soil nutrient. Forecasting the effects of N on growth, development, and interplant competition requires accurate prediction of N uptake and distribution within plants. Field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine the effects of variable N addition on monoculture corn and velvetleaf N uptake, the relationship between plant N concentration ([N]) and total biomass, the fraction of N partitioned to leaves, and predicted N uptake and leaf N content. Cumulative N uptake of both species was generally greater in 2000 than in 1999 and tended to increase with increasing N addition. Corn and velvetleaf [N] declined with increasing biomass in both years in a predictable manner. The fraction of N partitioned to corn and velvetleaf leaves varied with thermal time from emergence but was not influenced by year, N addition, or weed density. With the use of the [N]–biomass relationship to forecast N demand, cumulative corn N uptake was accurately predicted for three of four treatments in 1999 but was underpredicted in 2000. Velvetleaf N uptake was accurately predicted in all treatments in both years. Leaf N content (NL, g N m−2leaf) was predicted by the fraction of N partitioned to leaves, predicted N uptake, and observed leaf area index for each species. Average deviations between predicted and observed corn NLwere < 88 and 12% of the observed values in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Velvetleaf NLwas less well predicted, with average deviations ranging from 39 to 248% of the observed values. Results of this research indicate that N uptake in corn and velvetleaf was driven primarily by biomass accumulation. Overall, the approaches outlined in this paper provide reasonable predictions of corn and velvetleaf N uptake and distribution in aboveground tissues.

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Comparative Nitrogen Uptake and Distribution in Corn and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

et al. 2007

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“…These results are somewhat surprising since the C 4 photosynthetic pathway used by corn has greater photosynthetic efficiency (greater carbon gain per unit leaf area) than the C 3 velvetleaf (Lindquist 2001a). However, Bonifas et al (2005) and Harbur and Owen (2004) showed that corn had smaller leaf area ratio (leaf area per unit total biomass) than velvetleaf at similar sampling times. Therefore, the C gain per unit aboveground biomass may be smaller in corn because corn invests a greater proportion of its aboveground biomass in stem tissue than velvetleaf.…”

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confidence: 93%

“…Bonifas et al (2005) showed that velvetleaf root biomass was always smaller than that of corn but that velvetleaf partitioned proportionally more biomass to roots than corn between 2 and 6 wk after planting when N supply was limiting. The combination of greater velvetleaf nitrogen uptake efficiency and increase in biomass partitioning to velvetleaf roots explains the greater velvetleaf whole plant [N] despite the smaller total root biomass throughout the experiment in both years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Predicting biomass partitioning to root versus shoot in corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Bonifas

Lindquist²

2006

Weed sci.

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Knowledge of how plants will partition their new biomass will aid in understanding competition between crops and weeds. This study determined if the amount of biomass partitioned to the root versus the shoot can be predicted from tissue carbon [C] and nitrogen [N] concentrations and the daily gain in C (GC) and N (GN) for each unit shoot and root biomass, respectively. Pots measuring 28 cm diameter and 60 cm deep were embedded in the ground, and each contained one plant of either corn or velvetleaf. Each plant received one of three nitrogen treatments: 0, 1, or 3 g of nitrogen applied as ammonium nitrate in 2001 and 0, 2, or 6 g of nitrogen in 2002. Measurements of total above- and belowground biomass and tissue [C] and [N] were made at 10 different sample dates during the growing season. Fraction of biomass partitioned to roots (Pr) was predicted from [C], [N], GC, and GN. Accurate prediction of the fraction of biomass partitioned to roots versus shoots was evaluated by comparing observed and predicted Pr across all treatments. The coordination model has potential as a reliable tool for predicting plant biomass partitioning. Normalized error values were close to zero for corn in 2001 and 2002 and for velvetleaf in 2001, indicating that biomass partitioning was correctly predicted.

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“…(Mitskas et al 2003) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) (Bonifas et al 2005). The competitive ability of volunteer wheat can be attributed to the fact that it was well established at the time of corn emergence.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) competition in corn (Zea mays L.)

SoltaniN.

2010

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 2010. Volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) competition in corn (Zea mays L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 90: 919Á924. Volunteer winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a sporadic weed found in corn (Zea mays L.) fields across southern Ontario. Eight trials were conducted over a 2-yr period (2006 and 2007) at four locations to determine the competitiveness of volunteer winter wheat in corn. A soft red winter wheat cultivar (Pioneer 25R47) was seeded at each location at densities of 0 to 30 seeds m (2 late in the fall, prior to corn planting the following spring. Volunteer wheat competition in corn resulted in reduced emergence of corn leaf collars. Competition with volunteer wheat resulted in a 5% decrease in corn leaf collars present at 21 and 70 d after emergence with volunteer wheat densities of 3.0 and 5.2 plants m . D'autre part, comparativement aux re´sultats obtenus sur les parcelles te´moin, la concurrence des repousses spontane´es re´duit la surface foliaire, le poids sec des feuilles, le poids sec des pousses, la hauteur du plant et de l'e´pi, ainsi que le rendement du maı¨s de 5%, a`une densite´de 5,1 a`6,0 plants au m 2 . Le degre´de compe´titivite´de´pend de la densite´des repousses spontane´es.Mots clé s: Densite´, surface foliaire, collet, poids sec des pousses, rendement Corn (Zea mays L.) is widely grown throughout Ontario. In 2009, corn growers seeded 722 000 ha of corn and harvested 6 375 000 tonnes of grain (McGee 2009). Early weed control is critical to successful corn production. Weeds compete with corn resulting in yield losses ranging from 5 to 35%, depending on weed species composition, weed density and the relative time of crop and weed emergence (Knezevic et al. 1994;Bosnic and Swanton 1997).Volunteer crops, similar to plants traditionally classified as weeds, are known to be competitive with crops (De Corby et al. 2007;O'Donovan et al. 2008). They emerge from seed that shattered prior to harvest or was lost during harvest operations the previous year (De Corby et al. 2007;O'Donovan et al. 2008;Bond and Walker 2009). Volunteer crops cause yield losses through resource competition, increase the cost of weed control, interfere with harvest operations and contaminate harvested grain (Deen et al. 2006;Clewis et al. 2008).Previous research on canola (Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has shown that volunteer crops reduce yield from 1 to 78% when present at the time of crop emergence. Volunteer wheat and barley reduced flax yields by 49 to 63% (Friesen et al. 1990). Marshall et al. (1989) reported that volunteer wheat and barley at densities of 30 plants m (2 caused a 17 and 35% yield reduction in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), respectively. Lutman and Dixon (2008) found that volunteer barley reduced oilseed rape yields from 5 to 78% and overall plant growth from 25 to 91%. Volunteer wheat densities of 1 plant m (2 were reported by O'Donovan et al. (1988) to reduce canola yield by 1%.Abbreviations: DAE, days after emergence; OM, ...

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Nitrogen supply affects root:shoot ratio in corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Cited by 120 publications

References 17 publications

Comparative Nitrogen Uptake and Distribution in Corn and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Comparative Nitrogen Uptake and Distribution in Corn and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Predicting biomass partitioning to root versus shoot in corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) competition in corn (Zea mays L.)

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