Nitrogen Removal from Oil: A Review

Prado, Glaucia H. C.; Rao, Yuan; Klerk, Arno de

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02779

Cited by 288 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(327 reference statements)

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“…According to Prado et al, the removal of nitrogenated compounds can be inhibited by oxygenated compounds, such as carboxylic acids, that favor the reaction path that removes oxygenated compounds rather than nitrogenated compounds. In this context, the presence of carboxylic compounds, which stands out in the case of Spirulina possibly inhibits the nitrogen removing mechanism.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of the behavior of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Spirulina platensis in solar catalytic pyrolysis

et al. 2020

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Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of two distinct microalgae species during solar catalytic pyrolysis and the influence of their chemical composition and the process variables (biomass charge, reaction time, and catalyst percentage) on the product yields and bio‐oil composition. For this purpose, solar catalytic pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was performed using hydrotalcite‐derived mixed oxides as the catalyst. To gain more insight into the effect of composition on pyrolysis behavior, the biomasses were analyzed using various analytical techniques. The results indicated that a high percentage of catalyst (47.1%) culminated in liquid yields of 42.48% and 21.31% for Chlamydomonas pyrolysis and Spirulina pyrolysis, respectively. Additionally, Spirulina pyrolysis resulted in higher solid yields compared with Chlamydomonas pyrolysis. The results also showed that Spirulina bio‐oil was rich in oxygenated compounds, probably due to its high carbohydrate content, whereas Chlamydomonas bio‐oil was rich in nitrogenated compounds because of its higher protein content. The microalgae composition (lipids, protein, carbohydrates) exerted a large influence on the catalytic pathways and led to differences in yield and product distribution. A high percentage of catalysts preferentially promoted a deoxygenation of the bio‐oil obtained from Spirulina solar pyrolysis compared with that obtained from Chlamydomonas pyrolysis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of the behavior of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Spirulina platensis in solar catalytic pyrolysis

et al. 2020

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“…Their high viscosity and chemical complexity cause various environmental and industrial problems during production, transportation and refinery . In addition, the high amount of heteroatom‐containing compounds (N, O, S), heavy metals and asphaltenes is responsible for adverse effects (coke formation, fouling, plugged pipelines) in the petroleum industry . In order to overcome these problems, not only advances on the technological level are required, but also an in‐depth knowledge of the chemical composition on the molecular level .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…addition, the high amount of heteroatom-containing compounds (N, O, S), heavy metals and asphaltenes is responsible for adverse effects (coke formation, fouling, plugged pipelines) in the petroleum industry. 10,11 In order to overcome these problems, not only advances on the technological level are required, but also an indepth knowledge of the chemical composition on the molecular level. 8 In recent years, several analytical techniques have been used in crude oil analysis, but high-resolution mass spectrometry is the method of choice.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the combination of different atmospheric pressure ionization sources for the analysis of extremely complex mixtures

Kondyli

Schräder

2020

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale Characterization of complex samples remains a challenging task due to the high number of compounds present. Matrix effects, ion discrimination and suppression are limiting factors which force the use of different methods for the same sample to gain a broad understanding of complex mixtures. Methods Various ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) have been used in various problems for complex mixture analysis. Especially demanding is the analysis of energy‐related hydrocarbon mixtures, such as crude oil. Here, the different ionization sources alone and in combination with each other have been used on an ultrahigh resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer to study a light crude oil. Results Despite the great variety of the available ionization sources, there is no single technique which can fully characterize the crude oil. Each ionization technique shows a selectivity towards specific types of compounds. While ESI is the method of choice for the detection of polar compounds, APPI and APCI favor the detection of nonpolar and low‐to‐medium polar compounds, respectively. The combination of ESI/APPI favors hydrocarbons and oxygen‐containing species. Conclusions Combining different ionization methods can be used as an alternative in order to gain more information about compounds present in a complex mixture although a combination of different ion sources could enhance suppression effects.

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“…Understanding the interaction of nitrogen heteroaromatic compounds over zeolite‐catalysts is a key to improve their design and enhance their application in the chemical industries . The interaction of nitrogen heteroaromatics with zeolites has been amply studied within the frame of refining processes such as hydroprocessing and hydrocracking . Among these compounds, pyridine and indole‐type molecules are commonly present in the petroleum feedstocks of the refineries .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1] The interaction of nitrogen heteroaromatics with zeolites has been amply studied within the frame of refining processes such as hydroprocessing and hydrocracking. [2][3][4][5][6] Among these compounds, pyridine and indole-type molecules are commonly present in the petroleum feedstocks of the refineries. [7] They are recognized to exert inhibitory or poisoning effects over the activity and selectivity of zeolite-based catalysts employed in hydrocracking units.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ IR‐ATR Study of the Interaction of Nitrogen Heteroaromatic Compounds with HY Zeolites: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches

et al. 2019

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In the present work, the liquid‐solid interaction of liquid N‐heteroaromatic compounds, commonly present in the petroleum feedstocks of the refineries, with Y zeolites used as hydrocracking catalysts was followed using IR‐ATR spectroscopy. The inhibition of the zeolitic acid sites by strongly basic pyridine and weakly basic indole was highlighted using a continuous flow IR‐ATR cell. Results were assessed by Density Functional Theory calculations to compute the vibrational frequencies of pyridine and indole according to the nature of the interaction sites: silanol groups or acidic OH groups. The study points out that IR‐ATR spectroscopy opens the way for investigating the interaction modes of low vapor pressure molecules (e. g. indole) that present an inherent difficulty to be operated in the gas phase. Moreover, the IR‐ATR makes possible the analysis of the little‐explored low wavenumber zone (<800 cm−1), that presents informative vibrational modes on the adsorption mode of N‐molecules. Hence, this work points out that for pyridine, the bands at 686 and 727 cm−1 are characteristic of pyridinium species formed over zeolitic OH groups, meanwhile, the signals at 703 and 750 cm−1, are associated to pyridine in interaction with silanol groups. The IR‐ATR study reveals that indole, a weakly basic compound, can be protonated on acidic Y zeolites as unambiguously evidenced by the formation of the bands at 1617, 1608, 1543 and 705 cm−1. Findings here exposed are crucial for studying inhibitory effects exerted by weak nitrogenated compounds on acidic materials during hydrocracking processes.

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Nitrogen Removal from Oil: A Review

Cited by 288 publications

References 137 publications

A comparative study of the behavior of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Spirulina platensis in solar catalytic pyrolysis

A comparative study of the behavior of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Spirulina platensis in solar catalytic pyrolysis

Evaluation of the combination of different atmospheric pressure ionization sources for the analysis of extremely complex mixtures

In Situ IR‐ATR Study of the Interaction of Nitrogen Heteroaromatic Compounds with HY Zeolites: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches

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