Nitrogen pollution in the European Union – an economy-environment confrontation

Voet, Ester van der; Kleijn, René; Haes, Helias A. Udo de

doi:10.1017/s0376892900038819

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…To complete the SFD and the sub-diagrams, data from many sources have been used. A full accounting of the sources used to estimate each individual flow has been done (van der Voet 1996). The most important sources have been: EUROSTAT (1990aEUROSTAT ( , 1990£, 1990; FAO (1990); Ayres et al (1989); Busschbach et al (1991);Harenz et al (1992); Huppes et al (1992); Jaarsveld and de Leeuw (1993); OECD (1991);Olsthoorn (1992Olsthoorn ( , 1993; Oslo and Paris Commissions (1992); Paris Commission (1992) and UN (1990a.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some flows were omitted entirely, such as the extraction of nitrates with ground-water for drinking purposes, and the formation and degradation of N 2 O. However the magnitude of the figures is reliable (van der Voet 1996), and in many cases this is quite sufficient to draw some relevant conclusions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To solve adequately all three nitrogen-related problems, therefore, other measures will be necessary, and are conceivable. We will review these in a follow-up paper (van der Voet et al 1996), wherein both stringent technical possibilities and major changes in agriculture and feeding habits will be assessed as to their implications for the environment and for society.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some three-quarters of the N-load comes from the Atlantic Ocean and cannot be related to economic origins within the EU (Table 3). This puts the scope for regulating the North Sea's nutrient budgets into a somewhat different perspective: policy measures can only be Figure 3 Origins of the atmospheric deposition of N-compounds on nonagricuhural soils in the European Union, of the accumulation of nitrates in the ground-water in the EU, and of the inflow of nitrogen compounds into the North Sea, as calculated with the computer programme SFINX (van der Voet 1996). In percentages of contribution to the total flows in terms of N. (a) Economic activities.…”

Section: Inflow Ofn Compounds Into the North Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the whole, the economic inflow items in the SFD have decreased a little by the assumption of cleaner combustion processes, causing less formation of Table 4 Nitrogen flows in the European Union as a result of internationally agreed or scheduled measures, compared to the nitrogen flows as a result of the current N management regime. Long-term steadystate situation, in 10* kg N y" 1 , as calculated with the computer programme SFINX (van der Voet 1996). The data refer to various economic flows, emissions and accumulations, and to the three selected environmental problem flows, which are the atmospheric deposition of N-compounds on non-agricultural soils, the leaching of nitrates to the ground-water, and the anthropogenic inflow of N-compounds into the North Sea.…”

Section: Policies and Nitrogen Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen pollution in the European Union – origins and proposed solutions

1996

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SummaryThe European Union is faced with major environmental problems related to nitrogen (N) compounds. The origins of three such problems, the atmospheric deposition of N compounds, the leaching of nitrates to ground-water and the anthropogenic N-input to the North Sea, are investigated by means of a Substance Flow Analysis (SFA); the reference year is 1988. Although the problems occur at various scales and have varying direct causes, food production and consumption together are the main responsible sectors, and the production and import of fertilizer appear to be the major ultimate sources in all three cases. Measures to combat these problems have been agreed to in various international frameworks: the European Community, the International North Sea Conference and the Rhine States Conference. These measures include technical emission reduction for acidifying compounds resulting in a 30% emission reduction; extension of the sewage treatment network and application of denitrification with 50% effectiveness; and introduction of measures directed at efficiency increase and emission reduction in agricultural practice in 10% of the agricultural area. The recent changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) are not expected to lead to significant changes in N flows. Assuming full implementation, an almost sufficient 45% reduction is expected for the anthropogenic nitrogen input into the North Sea. The atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compounds will be reduced by approximately 20%. The leaching of nitrates to the ground-water is expected to remain at the current level or even to increase a little. In all, these measures are conducive to solving, but do not satisfactorily solve, the three problems, mainly because the ultimate origins of the problems are not sufficiently influenced and measures therefore inevitably result in a shifting of problems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inflow Ofn Compounds Into the North Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Policies and Nitrogen Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen pollution in the European Union – origins and proposed solutions

1996

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Economic characteristics of chemicals as a basis for pollutants policy

Voet

Kleijn

Huppes

1995

Ecological Economics

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Performance Comparisons of Co-Occurring Native and Alien Invasive Plants: Implications for Conservation and Restoration

Daehler

2003

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.

1,161

1,046

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▪ Abstract In the search to identify factors that make some plant species troublesome invaders, many studies have compared various measures of native and alien invasive plant performance. These comparative studies provide insights into the more general question “Do alien invasive plants usually outperform co-occurring native species, and to what degree does the answer depend on growing conditions?” Based on 79 independent native-invasive plant comparisons, the alien invaders were not statistically more likely to have higher growth rates, competitive ability, or fecundity. Rather, the relative performance of invaders and co-occurring natives often depended on growing conditions. In 94% of 55 comparisons involving more than one growing condition, the native's performance was equal or superior to that of the invader, at least for some key performance measures in some growing conditions. Most commonly, these conditions involved reduced resources (nutrients, light, water) and/or specific disturbance regimes. Independently of growing conditions, invaders were more likely to have higher leaf area and lower tissue construction costs (advantageous under high light and nutrient conditions) and greater phenotypic plasticity (particularly advantageous in disturbed environments where conditions are in frequent flux). There appear to be few “super invaders” that have universal performance advantages over co-occurring natives; rather, increased resource availability and altered disturbance regimes associated with human activities often differentially increase the performance of invaders over that of natives.

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Nitrogen pollution in the European Union – an economy-environment confrontation

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Nitrogen pollution in the European Union – origins and proposed solutions

Nitrogen pollution in the European Union – origins and proposed solutions

Economic characteristics of chemicals as a basis for pollutants policy

Performance Comparisons of Co-Occurring Native and Alien Invasive Plants: Implications for Conservation and Restoration

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