Nitrogen loss from ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers applied to flooded rice

Cai, Giampiero; Zhu, Zhaoliang; Trevitt, A. C. F.; Freney, J. R.; Simpson, J. R.

doi:10.1007/bf01049350

Cited by 69 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In a collection of papers, Freney and his colleagues find a wide range of denitrification rates. For 15 studies of flooded rice, denitrification ranged from 3 to 56% of the Nr applied, with a median value of 34% (Simpson et al 1984;Cai et al 1986;Galbally et al 1987;Simpson and Freeney 1988;De Datta et al 1989;Zhu et al 1989;Freney et al 1990;Keerthisinghe et al 1993;Freney et al 1995). An investigation of irrigated wheat found 50% of the applied Nr denitrified (Freney et al 1992).…”

Section: Agroecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future

et al. 2004

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This paper contrasts the natural and anthropogenic controls on the conversion of unreactive N 2 to more reactive forms of nitrogen (Nr). A variety of data sets are used to construct global N budgets for 1860 and the early 1990s and to make projections for the global N budget in 2050. Regional N budgets for Asia, North America, and other major regions for the early 1990s, as well as the marine N budget, are presented to highlight the dominant fluxes of nitrogen in each region. Important findings are that human activities increasingly dominate the N budget at the global and at most regional scales, the terrestrial and open ocean N budgets are essentially disconnected, and the fixed forms of N are accumulating in most environmental reservoirs. The largest uncertainties in our understanding of the N budget at most scales are the rates of natural biological nitrogen fixation, the amount of Nr storage in most environmental reservoirs, and the production rates of N 2 by denitrification.

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Section: Agroecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future

et al. 2004

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“…Total nitrogen was determined by a microKjeldahl method (Bremner 1965) and 15N with a mass spectrometer (Bergersen 1980). Vertical flux densities of ammonia from the treated circle were determined during daylight hours by a mass balance method which equates the vertical emission of ammonia with the horizontal transport of ammonia past a sampling mast located at the centre of the circular plot (Denmead et al, 1977;Cai et al, 1986).…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from a flooded soil fertilized with urea: Relation to other nitrogen loss processes

et al. 1987

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Emissions of nitric oxide and other odd nitrogen oxides (NOv) from a flooded rice field were studied after urea had been broadcast into the floodwater.The NO x flux from the fertilized area was very low (0.2 x l0 -9 g N m -2 s -I ) for the first few days after application of urea and was high (0.95 × 10 -9 g N m -2 S -1 ) in the subsequent period when significant nitrite and nitrate were present in the floodwater. At night, little if any NOx was exhaled but ambient NO2 was absorbed by the floodwater. An uptake velocity for NO2 of 3 x 10 -4 m S -1 was measured during one night. Maximum NOv losses were observed near 1300 h when temperature and solar ultraviolet light were maximum.While the amounts of nitrogen oxides emitted are of little agronomic importance (-2 x 10 -3 per cent of the fertilizer nitrogen was lost as NOv during the 10-day study period), they may well be of significance as a source for some gas reactions in the atmosphere and for the global nitrogen cycle.Of the fertilizer nitrogen applied (as urea) approximately 30% was lost to the atmosphere by NH 3 volatilization, 15% by denitrification, presumably as N 2, and the remainder, less minor losses of NO and N20, remained in the plant/soil/water system.

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“…By the end of the experiment a total of 17% of the applied N had been lost as NH3 during daylight hours. Very high flux densities (> 30 gg N m -2 s -l ) were observed during the first few observation periods with the consequence that 73% of the total NH3 loss occurred during the first eight hours after fertilization (Cai et al, 1986). The initial high rate of ammonia emission was due to the rapid dissolution of ammonium bicarbonate which resulted in a high ammonical-N concentration and pH in the floodwater.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Rice seedlings, 0.20-0.35 m high, were transplanted by hand at 0.14 by 0.27 m spacings throughout the experimental and adjacent areas. The mean floodwater depth was 0.04 m. Further details of the site and soil characteristics are given in Cai et al (1986).…”

Section: Experimental Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

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Water-air transfer resistance for ammonia from flooded rice

et al. 1988

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Vertical flux densities of ammonia, water vapour and sensible heat were measured over a flooded rice field in China following the application of ammonium bicarbonate fertilizer. Aqueous and gaseous phase transfer resistances for ammonia were deduced from these measurements. The aqueous phase resistance was maximal in the morning and least in the afternoon. Stable stratification of the floodwater immediately adjacent to the air-water interface was observed during the morning when evaporation rates were low, and may be responsible for inhibiting the transfer of ammonia to the atmosphere.

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Nitrogen loss from ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers applied to flooded rice

Cited by 69 publications

References 11 publications

Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future

Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future

Emission of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from a flooded soil fertilized with urea: Relation to other nitrogen loss processes

Water-air transfer resistance for ammonia from flooded rice

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