Nitrogen ion (N+) + C60 fullerene reactive scattering: substitution, charge transfer, and fragmentation

Christian, James F.; Wan, Zhimin; Anderson, Scott L.

doi:10.1021/j100205a006

Cited by 66 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The stability of its cage proves comparable to, albeit slightly less than C 60 (Clipston 2000 from delayed photoionization, Christian et al 1992b from ion collisions, etc). However, its destruction begins by losing a CN molecule rather than C 2 .…”

Section: Potential Interstellar Azafullerenes Silafullerenes and Othmentioning

confidence: 87%

Interstellar fullerene compounds and diffuse interstellar bands

Omont

2016

A&A

103

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Recently, the presence of fullerenes in the interstellar medium (ISM) has been confirmed and new findings suggest that these fullerenes may possibly form from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ISM. Moreover, the first confirmed identification of two strong diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) with the fullerene, C + 60 , connects the long standing suggestion that various fullerenes could be DIB carriers. These new discoveries justify reassessing the overall importance of interstellar fullerene compounds, including fullerenes of various sizes with endohedral or exohedral inclusions and heterofullerenes (EEHFs). The phenomenology of fullerene compounds is complex. In addition to fullerene formation in grain shattering, fullerene formation from fully dehydrogenated PAHs in diffuse interstellar clouds could perhaps transform a significant percentage of the tail of low-mass PAH distribution into fullerenes including EEHFs. But many uncertain processes make it extremely difficult to assess their expected abundance, composition and size distribution, except for the substantial abundance measured for C + 60 . EEHFs share many properties with pure fullerenes, such as C 60 , as regards stability, formation/destruction and chemical processes, as well as many basic spectral features. Because DIBs are ubiquitous in all lines of sight in the ISM, we address several questions about the interstellar importance of various EEHFs, especially as possible carriers of diffuse interstellar bands. Specifically, we discuss basic interstellar properties and the likely contributions of fullerenes of various sizes and their charged counterparts such as C + 60 , and then in turn: 1) metallofullerenes; 2) heterofullerenes; 3) fulleranes; 4) fullerene-PAH compounds; 5) H 2 @C 60 . From this reassessment of the literature and from combining it with known DIB line identifications, we conclude that the general landscape of interstellar fullerene compounds is probably much richer than heretofore realized. EEHFs, together with pure fullerenes of various sizes, have many properties necessary to be suitably carriers of DIBs: carbonaceous nature; stability and resilience in the harsh conditions of the ISM; existing with various heteroatoms and ionization states; relatively easy formation; few stable isomers; spectral lines in the right spectral range; various and complex energy internal conversion; rich Jahn-Teller fine structure. This is supported by the first identification of a DIB carrier as C + 60 . Unfortunately, the lack of any precise information about the complex optical spectra of EEHFs and most pure fullerenes other than C 60 and about their interstellar abundances still precludes definitive assessment of the importance of fullerene compounds as DIB carriers. Their compounds could significantly contribute to DIBs, but it still seems difficult that they are the only important DIB carriers. Regardless, DIBs appear as the most promising way of tracing the interstellar abundances of various fullerene compounds if the breakthr...

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Section: Potential Interstellar Azafullerenes Silafullerenes and Othmentioning

confidence: 87%

Interstellar fullerene compounds and diffuse interstellar bands

Omont

2016

A&A

103

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“…Moreover, we also measured the appearance energies for singly-, doubly-and triplycharged C,, fragment ions and compared these data with results for singly-charged fragment ions reported by Anderson and co-workers [86] using a charge-and energytransfer fragmentation technique. Recently we extended these earlier studies to (i) singly-, doubly-and triply-charged parent and fragment ions for C,, and (ii) ionization energies for quadruply-charged fullerene ions including the parent ions Cti, C:; and the fragment ions C$,+, Ci,+ from C,, and Ci,+, Cti, Ctl and from C,,, respectively [24].…”

Section: Appearance Energies Breakdown Curves and Binding Energiesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Electron impact ionization of C₆₀and C₇₀: production and properties of parent and fragment ions studied with a two-sector field mass spectrometer

Scheier

Dünser

Wörgötter

et al. 1996

International Reviews in Physical Chemistry

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Electron impact ionization and dissociation studies of C,, and C,, carried out in our laboratory over the past three years have revealed many exciting and novel features of this new class of molecules (clusters). The most salient results are summarized in this paper, including first a description of the crossed beams apparatus and the various mass spectrometric (two-sector field) techniques used. This is followed by a discussion of the production of parent and fragment ions (with up to eight charges) via electron impact ionization of C,, and C,, including results on mass spectral fragmentation patterns and measured and calculated absolute ionization cross-section functions. The experimental results concerning the energetics of produced parent and fragment ions are presented in the next section and measured appearance energies and breakdown curves are analysed in the frame of various theoretical concepts (RRKM, FHBT) thereby allowing us to derive the corresponding binding energies. The last section is devoted to (i) the different aspects of the stability of singly-and multiply-charged fullerene ions (i.e. the quantitative study of various unimolecular decay channels such as monomer evaporation, sequential decay series, charge separation reactions, etc.) and, based on the measured properties of these decay reactions, to (ii) a discussion of the possible decay mechanisms. IntroductionSince the first report about the unique structure of C,, by Kroto et al. [l] in 1985 and the discovery by Kratschmer et al. [2] in 1990 as to how to produce gram quantities of C,, (and other fullerenes), a new world of chemistry, physics and material science has developed and is growing at a tremendous rate [3]. It is important to remember that the key original experiment which allowed the bold conclusion about the special nature of C,, (i.e. the truncated icosahedral structure) included a positive and negative carbon cluster ion mass spectrum. During the past two years we have carried out a series of mass spectrometric investigations concerning the electron impact ionization and the electron attachment of C,, and C7,. Not too surprisingly, C,, (and C,,) also exhibits in this respect, i.e. electron ionization and attachment, rather tantalizing properties-unparalleled by other molecular systems.For example, the first measurements-carried out using a crossed beams apparatus-of electron attachment cross-section functions for C,, and C,, revealed an unusually large cross-section for the production of C;, and C;, , , respectively [4]. It was observed, moreover, that only parent ions (and absolutely no fragment anions, which is in contrast to the situation encountered for ordinary molecules [5]) are produced by the attaching electrons and that the cross-section remained high (in the order of lo-'* m2) from near zero electron energy up to about 10 eV and then reduced quickly to reach zero at about 15 eV electron energy. Resonance structures observed have been

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“…C 20 and C 36 have been encapsulated in semiconducting CNTs [109], leading to various peapod structures. Highly stable and the most studied fullerene [12] C 60 can be chemically activated upon introduction of heteroatoms, such as Si [110], B and N [111][112][113][114]. The insertion of different types of metallofullerenes into CNTs, such as Gd encapsulated in C 82 [115], could allow for their complex band-gap engineering [116].…”

Section: Metal-doped Carbon Nanocapsulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transition metal and nitrogen doped carbon nanostructures

Stoyanov

Titov

Král

2009

Coordination Chemistry Reviews

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Nitrogen ion (N+) + C60 fullerene reactive scattering: substitution, charge transfer, and fragmentation

Cited by 66 publications

References 1 publication

Interstellar fullerene compounds and diffuse interstellar bands

Interstellar fullerene compounds and diffuse interstellar bands

Electron impact ionization of C₆₀and C₇₀: production and properties of parent and fragment ions studied with a two-sector field mass spectrometer

Transition metal and nitrogen doped carbon nanostructures

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Nitrogen ion (N+) + C60 fullerene reactive scattering: substitution, charge transfer, and fragmentation

Cited by 66 publications

References 1 publication

Interstellar fullerene compounds and diffuse interstellar bands

Interstellar fullerene compounds and diffuse interstellar bands

Electron impact ionization of C60and C70: production and properties of parent and fragment ions studied with a two-sector field mass spectrometer

Transition metal and nitrogen doped carbon nanostructures

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Electron impact ionization of C₆₀and C₇₀: production and properties of parent and fragment ions studied with a two-sector field mass spectrometer