Nitrogen form and the seasonal root and shoot response of creeping bentgrass

McCrimmon, James N.; Karnok, Keith J.

doi:10.1080/00103629209368650

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Both studies examined ratios of NH 4 and NO 3 fertilization, yet both implemented urea as the NH 4 -N source. Mazur and Hughes (1976) did not observe any significant effects of N form on shoot quality, while McCrimmon and Karnok (1992) reported significantly greater shoot color in spring with 100% NH 4 -N fertilized plots compared to plots treated with a 100% NO 3 -N fertilizer. In the other three seasons, no color differences were observed between the 100% NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N treatments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…In studies where direct measures of NH 4 uptake were not made, comparisons of root growth by N form varied widely by soil depth and season (McCrimmon and Karnok, 1992). Reports of significantly reduced root growth of creeping bentgrass (Glinski et al, 1990) or creeping bentgrass/annual bluegrass polystands (Eggens and Wright, 1985) from NH 4 (compared with primarily NO 3 ) fertilization have been generated from short-term greenhouse studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two field studies have been conducted to quantify influence of N form on quality parameters of mature creeping bentgrass (cv. Penncross) (McCrimmon and Karnok, 1992;Mazur and Hughes, 1976); though the former was conducted in the 4-to 16-mo period following sod establishment. Both studies examined ratios of NH 4 and NO 3 fertilization, yet both implemented urea as the NH 4 -N source.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Form on Quality of Putting Greens Cohabited by Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass

Schlossberg

Schmidt

2007

Agronomy Journal

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Of the essential nutrients, N fertility generally influences golf course putting green (PG) quality and growth rate most significantly. Despite considerable field research on N fertility of PGs, results interpretation and transfer to practice is complicated by various influential factors; including unrepresentative mowing heights and/or frequency, varying irrigation water quality, undeclared composition of mixed swards, withdrawn cultivars, and/or use of temperature-dependent organic fertilizer sources. A 2-yr field study was initiated in 2003 at University Park, PA, to evaluate the influence of soluble N fertilizer source and rate on qualitative and nutritional parameters of a mature, primarily surface-drained, "push-up" PG cohabited by 'Penn A4' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Using an array of soluble N form quotients (NH 4-N/ NO 3-N), split applications of annual N fertilizer rates ranging from 69 to 402 kg ha 21 were sprayed every 15 6 4 d, April to October. Putting green growth, color, N uptake (NUP), and leaf N, K, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn increased directly with N rate, while plots receiving N rates in excess of 244 kg ha 21 yr 21 demonstrated acceptable PG quality and tissue nutrient concentrations. However, N rates .244 kg ha 21 yr 21 containing .50% NH 4-N significantly enhanced shoot growth, color, NUP, leaf Mn, P, and Mg levels, when compared to equal rates containing $50% NO 3-N. Frequent fertilization with NH 4-N at annual rates .244 kg ha 21 maximized canopy color and most tissue nutrient levels of a mature creeping bentgrass/annual bluegrass cohabited PG growing on a neutral, fine-textured soil.

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confidence: 73%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Form on Quality of Putting Greens Cohabited by Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass

Schlossberg

Schmidt

2007

Agronomy Journal

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“…1998). A modified, N‐free Hoagland solution was added to ensure other nutrients were not limiting plant growth (McCrimmon & Karnok 1992; Wahl & Ryser 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Festuca campestris alters root morphology and growth in response to simulated grazing and nitrogen form

McInenly¹,

Merrill²,

Cahill³

et al. 2010

Functional Ecology

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Summary1. Large herbivores are known to spatially concentrate and alter the form of nitrogen (N) in grassland systems, which can modify aboveground plant chemical composition and productivity, and result in shifts in grazing pressure in these areas. Root responses to grazing under high N inputs may facilitate these changes, but their responses are less well understood. 2. We examined biomass, root morphology and demography, and nitrogen pool responses of Festuca campestris Rydb. seedlings grown in pots in an environmental chamber and subject to heavy fertilization with isotopically-labelled N in a NO 3 -N or NH 4 -N fertilizer treatment, and to no clipping or clipping to 4 cm twice during the experiment. 3. Festuca campestris exhibited re-growth patterns after defoliation that reflected preferential allocation to aboveground shoots, with percent recovery of shoot biomass twice that of roots. Clipping did not increase the risk of root mortality. Instead, reduced root biomass in clipped plants resulted from slowed elongation and decreased production of new roots. Although roots with smaller diameters and at lower density had a greater risk of root mortality, clipping did not alter the mean root diameter or level of root branching. 4. Under high N fertilization, NH 4 -N increased the amount of aboveground biomass, ameliorated the effects of clipping on root production and further reduced the risk of root mortality in clipped plants. N-form had no effect on root morphology. 5. While total plant N uptake and the percent utilization of fertilizer were lower in clipped plants, total plant nitrogen accumulated per root biomass (g g)1 ) at harvest was higher in clipped plants. 6. Our findings indicate that where defoliation is coupled with high nitrogen return, Festuca campestris recuperates by increasing nitrogen uptake, shifting production to favour recovery of aboveground biomass, and mitigating carbon losses by decreasing investment in new, actively growing roots. Because application of a more mobile form of nitrogen (NO 3 -N) did not alter root morphology, root physiological responses may be most important for re-growth when nitrogen is not limiting. Root reductions associated with grazing may have a greater impact in locations where grazer-mediated nitrogen return is spatially decoupled from defoliation.

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“…Short‐duration greenhouse studies of creeping bentgrass response to several foliarly‐applied N fertilizers found no consistent influence on turfgrass growth and/or quality (Guertal, 2010). Conversely, long‐term field studies have shown PG response to certain fertilizer N forms within an equally‐soluble array of liquid treatments (McCrimmon and Karnok, 1992; Pease et al, 2011; Schlossberg and Schmidt, 2007). Type and/or proportion of unavailable/controlled‐release N‐form(s) within a liquid fertilizer more typically influence short‐term turfgrass response (Spangenberg et al, 1986).…”

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Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Response to Foliar Nitrogen Fertilization

et al. 2012

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Within the range of environmental conditions for which creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is adapted, cultural management signifi cantly infl uences golf course putting green (PG) growth and quality. Th e experimental objective was to identify PG quality and growth response to rate, type, and/or timing of foliarly-applied N fertilizer. In 2009 and 2010, three independent fertility trials were conducted on a sand-based PG established to a 1:1 blend of Penn A-1 and Penn A-4 creeping bentgrass. Excepting the zero-N control, treatments were prepared using amine or salt 15-0-7 liquid fertilizer comprising wholly-soluble nutrient forms and applied at 24.5+24.5, 37, or 49 kg N ha -1 . Clipping yields were collected weekly and digested for N content. Canopy refl ectance was used to calculate normalized diff erential vegetative (NDVI) and dark green color (DGCI) indices. Nitrogen rate directly infl uenced PG mean NDVI, DGCI, clipping yield, and N removal. Likewise, the amine supported greater mean PG quality than the salt fertilizer. Availability of fertilizer, estimated by PG growth and N removal rate, declined dramatically over the 6-wk experiments. Initial PG growth response to the single 49-kg N application signifi cantly exceeded the 24.5+24.5 kg N "split" application. However, benefi cial response to split applications, relative to the single 49 kg N treatment, was observed in latter weeks. While commercially-available liquid fertilizers vary in their suitability, managers are recommended to employ a <15-d reapplication interval in meeting the 15 to 49 kg N ha -1 monthly creeping bentgrass PG requirement.

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Nitrogen form and the seasonal root and shoot response of creeping bentgrass

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Form on Quality of Putting Greens Cohabited by Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass

Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Form on Quality of Putting Greens Cohabited by Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass

Festuca campestris alters root morphology and growth in response to simulated grazing and nitrogen form

Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Response to Foliar Nitrogen Fertilization

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