Nitrogen Fixation in Bacteria and Higher Plants

Burns, R. C.; Hardy, R. W. F.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-80926-2

Cited by 350 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

100

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Our forage range was estimated from data in Table 3 of Zhu (1992). In general, Zhu's values for the fixation rates of legumes are significantly less than the earlier estimates although his estimate for rice, 45 kg N ha-1 yr-1, is similar to that of Burns and Hardy's (1975), 30 kg N ha-1. Using his fixation rates and including fixation by forages, Zhu (1992) estimates that the total N fixations by agriculture were 3.…”

Section: N R Creation By Legume and Rice Cultivationmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…We were unable to find equivalent data for vetch, clover, or alfalfa. For legumes, Burns and Hardy (1975) estimate that an "average" N-fixation rate by legumes is 140 kgNha -1. LaRue and Patterson (1981) state that this value may be too large by a factor of two.…”

Section: ]Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the above, Galloway et al (1995) estimate a range of fixation rates of 70-140 kg N ha-1 for legumes. Burns and Hardy (1975) estimate a fixation rate for rice on the order of 30 kg N ha-1. To calculate N fixation by legumes, we multiplied Galloway et al's fixation rate of 70-140 kg ha-1 for legumes and the Burns and Hardy's fixation rate for rice by the Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO, 1993) data on cultivated areas for soybeans, groundnuts, pulses, and rice (Table 2).…”

Section: ]Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China

Galloway

Zhao

Thomson

et al. 1996

Atmospheric Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract--Through fossil-fuel combustion, commercial fertilizer production, and legume and rice cultivation, humans are mobilizing nitrogen (N) at scales that exceed natural terrestrial rates. Globally, ~ 140 Tg of reactive N are mobilized each year; activities in the People's Republic of China (China) and the United States account for approximately 30% of this reactive N. This paper compares N mobilization rates and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3) atmospheric emission rates for China and the United States over the last few decades and projects the rates to the year 2020. We have estimated that the United States and China currently mobilize about 20 and 25 Tg N yr-x, respectively. In the United States, commercialfertilizer use accounts for about 50% of the annual total; in China, it accounts for about 80%, N emissions to the United States atmosphere are dominated by NO~. China's N emissions are dominated by NH 3 from fertilizer use and domestic animal waste. If recent trends continue, we have projected that by 2020 N mobilization in the United States will differ little from current levels although N mobilization in China will increase significantly because of increased fertilizer use and fossil-fuel combustion.

show abstract

Section: N R Creation By Legume and Rice Cultivationmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: ]Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ]Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China

Galloway

Zhao

Thomson

et al. 1996

Atmospheric Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, smelters, and other heavily polluting industries are being more frequently placed in agricultural and pristine areas. The following elements have been reported in excess due to industrial activity: arsenic (2,000 ug/g) (29), Cu2+ (4,695 /ig/g) (11), F-(10,000 ,ug/g) (24), Pb2+ (2,000 ,tg/g) (5), and Zn2+ (135,000 Jg/g) (5). Few data are available on plant availability of these elements, but up to 961 ,ug Cu2+/g has been estimated to be available to plants near a copper smelter in south central Montana by ammonium acetate extraction (11).…”

Section: N2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Nitrogen Fixation in Alfalfa by Arsenate, Heavy Metals, Fluoride, and Simulated Acid Rain

Porter¹,

Sheridan²

1981

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The acute effects of aqueous solutions of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, F, and Zn ions at concentrations from 0.01 to 100 micrograms per milliliter and solutions adjusted to pH 2 to 6 with nitric or sulfuric acid were studied with respect to acetylene reduction, net photosynthesis, respiration rate, and chlorophyll content in Vernal alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Vernal). The effects of the various treatments on acetylene reduction varied from no demonstrable effect by any concentration of F-and 42% inhibition by 100 micrograms Pb2+ per milliliter, to 100% inhibition by 10 micrograms Cd2" per milliliter and 100 micrograms per milliliter As, Cu21, and Zn2+ ions. Zn2+ showed statistically significant inhibition of activity at 0.1 micrograms per milliliter. Acid treatments were not inhibitory above pH 2, at which pH nitric acid inhibited acetylene reduction activity more than did sulfuric acid. The inhibition of acetylene reduction by these ions was Zn2+ > Cd2" > Cu2+ > AsOs-> Pb2+ > F-. The sensitivity of acetylene reduction to the ions was roughly equal to the sensitivity of photosynthesis, respiration, and chlorophyll content when Pb2+ was applied, but was 1,000 times more sensitive to Zn2+. The relationship of the data to field conditions and industrial pollution is discussed.by treatment with 18 ltM Cd2+. The latter of these two reports includes preliminary data from the study reported here and includes the effects of a variety of pollutants on a cyanobacterium (Anabaena sp), soybeans (Glycine max L. cv. Kent), yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.), and two "species" of lichen (Col-

show abstract

“…As a consequence, this assay has become a major research technique for estimating biological N2 fixation. In the process of interacting with nitrogenase, however, C2H2 inhibits ATP-dependent H2 evolution by this enzyme complex (6). The first reproducible demonstration of H2 evolution from soybean root nodules (13) was later confirmed and extended to other legumes (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Variation in Nitrogenase and Hydrogenase Activity of Alaska Pea Root Nodules

Bethlenfalvay¹,

Phillips²

1979

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hydrogenase activity of root nodules in the symbiotic association between Pisum sativum L. and Rhizobium leguminosarum was determined by incubating unexcised nodules with tritiated H2 and measuring tissue HTO. Hydrogenase activity saturated at 0.50 millimolar Hi and was not inhibited by the presence of 0.10 atmosphere CiH2, which prevented H2 evolution from nitrogenase. Total Hi production from nitrogenase was estimated as net H2 evolution in air plus H2 exchange in 0.10 atmosphere CGH2. Although such an estimate of nitrogenase function may not be quantitatively exact, due to uncertain relationships between H2 exchange and H2 uptake activity of hydrogenase, differences observed in H2 exchange under various conditions represent an indication of changes in hydrogenase activity. Hydrogenase activity was lower in associations grown under higher photosynthetic photon flux densities and decreased relative to total H2 production by nitrogenase. Total H2 production and hydrogenase activity were maximum 28 days after planting. Thereafter, hydrogenase activity and H2 production declined, but the potential proportion of nitrogenase-produced H2 recovered by the uptake hydrogenase system increased. Of five R. Ieguminosarum strains tested two possessed hydrogenase activity. Strains which had the potential to reassimilate H2 had significantly higher rates of N2 reduction than those which did not exhibit hydrogenase activity.Reduction of C2H2 to C2H4 by nitrogenase is measured easily by gas chromatography (12). As a consequence, this assay has become a major research technique for estimating biological N2 fixation. In the process of interacting with nitrogenase, however, C2H2 inhibits ATP-dependent H2 evolution by this enzyme complex (6). The first reproducible demonstration of H2 evolution from soybean root nodules (13) apparent that a better understanding of uptake hydrogenase activity and H2 production by nitrogenase is needed to comprehend factors which affect the efficiency of N2 fixation.Whole-plant studies revealed that plant ontogeny (5) and irradiance (4) during 4 weeks of growth markedly altered the relative efficiency of N2 fixation calculated according to Schubert and Evans (18). Although those experiments demonstrated that the host legume could affect the efficiency of bacteroid functioning, there were no data to indicate whether the altered levels of H2 evolution resulted from changes in uptake hydrogenase activity or from differences in H2 production by nitrogenase. The present experiments were performed to separate the effects of ontogeny and growth irradiance on nitrogenase and hydrogenase activity in Rhizobium leguminosarum 128C53. In addition, other strains of this bacterial species were examined for hydrogenase and nitrogenase activity in vivo to determine the mechanisms underlying different N2 reduction rates which alter photosynthetic efficiency (3). MATERIALS AND METHODS

show abstract

Nitrogen Fixation in Bacteria and Higher Plants

Cited by 350 publications

References 0 publications

Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China

Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China

Inhibition of Nitrogen Fixation in Alfalfa by Arsenate, Heavy Metals, Fluoride, and Simulated Acid Rain

Variation in Nitrogenase and Hydrogenase Activity of Alaska Pea Root Nodules

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About