Nitrogen Excretion and Metabolism in Insects

O’Donnell, Michael J.; Donini, Andrew

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39617-0_4

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Allantoin can, in principle, also be assimilated directly from the soil ( Desimone 2002 ). The occurrence of these nitrogen fractions in frass of locust was reported in former publications ( Cochran 1985 , O’Donnell and Donini 2017 ) but was not investigated within this work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The feeding substrate influences frass in its microbial composition as well as in its nutrient content ( Poveda et al 2019 ). Nitrogen is mainly excreted as urea, uric acid, and allantoin ( O’Donnell and Donini 2017 ). The nitrogen fraction in the frass of terrestrial insects contains 9–27% of ammonium ( Kagata and Ohgushi 2011 ), but most insects mainly excrete uric acid ( Cochran 1985 , Halloran et al 2018 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the N- and P-Fertilization Effect of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) By-Products on Maize

Gärttling

Kirchner

Schulz

2020

Journal of Insect Science

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To meet the growing demand for an alternative animal protein source, the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) industry is expanding. Thus, the valuation of its byproducts, foremost BSF frass, is getting more economic and ecological weight. Three different residues, BSF frass, larval skins, and dead adult flies, were compared with a mineral and an organic commercial fertilizer in a pot trial with maize (Zea mays L., [Poales: Poaceae]). byproducts were applied in three nutrient-based application rates (180; 215 kg N/ha; 75 kg P2O5/ha), and plant nutrients, physiological and yield parameters were measured at harvest date. Ground flies had the highest N-fertilizing effect of all byproducts, similar to commercial mineral and organic fertilizers used as controls, whereas its proportion of the BSF production systems’ output is low. Frass as the abundant byproduct showed comparably low N-fertilization effects. Its low N availability was attributed to volatilization losses, mainly driven by high pH and ammonium contents. BSF frass as the main byproduct output is more suited as a basic fertilizer or potting substrate amendment than as a short-term organic fertilizer. Postprocessing of frass seems reasonable. For a profound assessment of frass as fertilizer, several aspects (e.g., the overall impact of postprocessing, plant strengthening and plant protection potential, effects on microbial processes) must be clarified.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the N- and P-Fertilization Effect of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) By-Products on Maize

Gärttling

Kirchner

Schulz

2020

Journal of Insect Science

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“…Thus, additional putative nutritional supplements of CLE to their tick hosts are suggested. These could include amino acids such as L-proline (Michalkova et al, 2014;Tsementzi et al, 2018), which may also be involved in the blood digestion process, energy production, and nitrogen metabolism as in other arthropods (O'Donnell and Donini, 2017). Further genomic and nutritional assays are needed to elucidate the exact contribution of CLE to the nutrition of their hard tick hosts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coxiella-Like Endosymbiont of Rhipicephalus sanguineus Is Required for Physiological Processes During Ontogeny

et al. 2020

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Obligatory hematophagous arthropods such as lice, bugs, flies, and ticks harbor bacterial endosymbionts that are expected to complement missing essential nutrients in their diet. Genomic and some experimental evidence support this expectation. Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are associated with several lineages of bacterial symbionts, and very few were experimentally shown to be essential to some aspects of tick's fitness. In order to pinpoint the nature of interactions between hard ticks and their symbionts, we tested the effect of massive elimination of Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLE) by antibiotics on the development and fitness of the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Administration of ofloxacin to engorged (blood fed) nymphs resulted in significant and acute reduction of their CLE loads-an effect that also persisted in subsequent life stages (aposymbiotic ticks). As a result, the post-feeding development of aposymbiotic female (but not male) nymphs was delayed. Additionally, aposymbiotic adult females needed a significantly prolonged feeding period in order to replete (detach from host), and had reduced engorgement weight and a lower capacity to produce eggs. Consequently, their fecundity and fertility were significantly reduced. Eggs produced by aposymbiotic females were free of CLE, and the resulting aposymbiotic larvae were unable to feed successfully. Our findings demonstrate that the observed fitness effects are due to CLE reduction and not due to antibiotic administration. Additionally, we suggest that the contribution of CLE is not mandatory for oocyte development and embryogenesis, but is required during feeding in females, when blood meal processing and tissue buildup are taking place. Presumably, under these extreme physiological demands, CLE contribute to R. sanguineus through supplementing essential micro-and macronutrients. Further nutrient complementary studies are required to support this hypothesis.

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“…C. mudrowiae genomes was coupled with the enrichment of proline transporter genes, proP, suggesting a significant a role of this compound in the physiology of the tick, the bacterium or both, as part of their symbiotic interaction. Proline could be necessary for the physiology of the tick host, as it plays important roles in energy and nitrogen metabolism in arthropods (O'Donnell and Donini, 2017). Ticks may utilize proline for physiological functions such as in the proteins composing the adhesive cement used for attachment to their hosts (Sauer et al, 1995), which is composed of proteins containing glycine-rich (Gly-rich) and proline-rich (Pro-rich) repeat motifs (Bishop et al, 2002;Francischetti et al, 2009;Tirloni et al, 2014), including in R. sanguineus saliva (Oliveira et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of closely related, uncultivated Coxiella tick endosymbiont population genomes reveals clues about the mechanisms of symbiosis

Tsementzi

Gordillo

Mahagna

et al. 2018

Environmental Microbiology

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Understanding the symbiotic interaction between Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLE) and their tick hosts is challenging due to lack of isolates and difficulties in tick functional assays. Here we sequenced the metagenome of a CLE population from wild Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (CRs) and compared it to the previously published genome of its close relative, CLE of R. turanicus (CRt). The tick hosts are closely related sympatric species, and their two endosymbiont genomes are highly similar with only minor differences in gene content. Both genomes encode numerous pseudogenes, consistent with an ongoing genome reduction process. In silico flux balance metabolic analysis (FBA) revealed the excess production of L-proline for both genomes, indicating a possible proline transport from Coxiella to the tick. Additionally, both CR genomes encode multiple copies of the proline/betaine transporter, proP gene. Modelling additional Coxiellaceae members including other tick CLE, did not identify proline as an excreted metabolite. Although both CRs and CRt genomes encode intact B vitamin synthesis pathway genes, which are presumed to underlay the mechanism of CLE-tick symbiosis, the FBA analysis indicated no changes for their products. Therefore, this study provides new testable hypotheses for the symbiosis mechanism and a better understanding of CLE genome evolution and diversity.

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Nitrogen Excretion and Metabolism in Insects

Cited by 15 publications

References 74 publications

Assessment of the N- and P-Fertilization Effect of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) By-Products on Maize

Assessment of the N- and P-Fertilization Effect of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) By-Products on Maize

Coxiella-Like Endosymbiont of Rhipicephalus sanguineus Is Required for Physiological Processes During Ontogeny

Comparison of closely related, uncultivated Coxiella tick endosymbiont population genomes reveals clues about the mechanisms of symbiosis

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