Nitrogen dioxide in exhaust emissions from motor vehicles

Lenner, Magnus

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(87)90268-x

Cited by 44 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In addition, sensors can be employed as well to determine nitrogen oxide emission from combustion engines. In this case, the concentrations to be measured range in the tens to hundreds of ppm [33–34]. On the other hand, ethanol sensors can be used in the automotive sector to check the concentration of ethanol in fuel blends, especially in biofuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophilicity and carbon chain length effects on the gas sensing properties of chemoresistive, self-assembled monolayer carbon nanotube sensors

Casanova-Cháfer¹,

Bittencourt²,

Llobet³

2019

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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Here we describe the development of chemoresistive sensors employing oxygen-plasma-treated, Au-decorated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols. For the first time, the effects of the length of the carbon chain and its hydrophilicity on the gas sensing properties of SAMs formed on carbon nanotubes are studied, and additionally, the gas sensing mechanisms are discussed. Four thiols differing in the length of the carbon chain and in the hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature of the head functional group are studied. Transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to analyze the resulting gas-sensitive hybrid films. Among the different nanomaterials tested, short-chain thiols having a hydrophilic head group, self-assembled onto Au-decorated carbon nanotubes were most responsive to nitrogen dioxide and ethanol vapors, even in the presence of ambient humidity. In particular, this nanomaterial was about eight times more sensitive to nitrogen dioxide than bare Au-decorated carbon nanotubes when operated at room temperature. This response enhancement is attributed to the interaction, via strong hydrogen bonding, of the polar molecules tested to the polar surface of hydrophilic thiols. The approach discussed here could be extended further by combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic thiol SAMs in Au-MWCNT sensor arrays as a helpful strategy for tuning sensor response and selectivity. This would make the detection of polar and nonpolar gas species employing low-power gas sensors easier, even under fluctuating ambient moisture conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophilicity and carbon chain length effects on the gas sensing properties of chemoresistive, self-assembled monolayer carbon nanotube sensors

Casanova-Cháfer¹,

Bittencourt²,

Llobet³

2019

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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“…The nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 are emitted into the atmosphere in several natural and anthropogenic processes including lightning (Chameides et al, 1977;Lange et al, 2001), combustion (Lenner, 1987) and bacterial action in soil (Oertel et al, 2016). Due to their rapid interconversion, NO and NO2 are often treated as a single chemical family (NOx).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive nitrogen around the Arabian Peninsula and in the Mediterranean Sea during the 2017 AQABA ship campaign

Friedrich¹,

Eger²,

Shenolikar³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. We present ship-borne measurements of NOx (≡ NO + NO2) and NOy (≡ NOx + gas- and particle-phase organic and inorganic oxides of nitrogen) in summer 2017 as part of the expedition Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian Basin (AQABA). The NOx and NOz (≡ NOy–NOx) measurements, made with a thermal dissociation cavity-ringdown-spectrometer (TD-CRDS), were used to examine the chemical mechanisms involved in the processing of primary NOx emissions and their influence on the NOy budget in chemically distinct marine environments, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Arabian Gulf which were influenced to varying extents by emissions from shipping and oil and gas production. In all regions, we find that NOx is strongly connected to ship emissions, both via direct emission of NO and via the formation of HONO and its subsequent photolytic conversion to NO. Mean NO2 lifetimes were 3.9 hours in the Mediterranean Sea, 4.0 hours in the Arabian Gulf and 5.0 hours in the Red Sea area. The cumulative loss of NO2 during the night (reaction with O3) was more important than daytime losses (reaction with OH) over the Arabian Gulf (by a factor 2.8) and over the Red Sea (factor 2.9), whereas over the Mediterranean Sea, where OH levels were high, daytime losses dominated (factor 2.5). Regional ozone production efficiencies (OPE) ranged from 10.5 ± 0.9 to 19.1 ± 1.1. This metric quantifies the relative strength of photochemical O3 production from NOx, compared to the competing sequestering into NOz species. The largest values were found over the Arabian Gulf, consistent with high levels of O3 found in that region (10–90 percentiles range: 23–108 ppbv). The fractional contribution of individual NOz species to NOy exhibited a large regional variability, with HNO3 generally the dominant component (on average 33 % of NOy) with significant contributions from organic nitrates (11 %) and particulate nitrates in the PM1 size range (8 %).

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“…Motor vehicle emissions are a major anthropogenic source of air pollution. Several researches have studied regulated pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, and total hydrocarbons (Lenner, 1967;Schmitz et al, 2000;Zielenska et al, 2008). Increasing interest is on the study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to its toxic properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling and Analysis of Petroleum Coco-Biodiesel Blend-Fueled PUV Exhaust for NO2 and Particulate PAH, Elemental Composition and Toxicity

Ramos

Hachero

Hallare³

et al. 2013

KIMIKA

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The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), elemental composition and toxicity of particulate matter from the exhaust of public utility vehicles (PUVs) fueled by commercial petroleum coco-biodiesel blend, were examined and compared with that from the exhaust of PUVs fueled by unblended petroleum diesel. FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) analysis of the commercial diesel/biodiesel blend and of a pure biodiesel sample was done to ascertain the presence of biodiesel in the commercial blend. NO2 from the exhaust vapor phase was likewise also compared for the two types of fuel. PAHs in particulate matter obtained by filter sampling and from tailpipe soot were analyzed by GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry). NO2 was analyzed by visible spectrophotometry, XRF (x-ray fluorescence spectrometry) was used for elemental analysis, and toxicological analysis was done using the Zebrafish Egg Assay Test. A general tentative conclusion from the results point to minimal difference between pure diesel and the 1% diesel/biodiesel blend (when used as fuel for PUVs) in terms of engine exhaust impact on air quality, except perhaps for PAH levels to some extent.

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Nitrogen dioxide in exhaust emissions from motor vehicles

Cited by 44 publications

References 7 publications

Hydrophilicity and carbon chain length effects on the gas sensing properties of chemoresistive, self-assembled monolayer carbon nanotube sensors

Hydrophilicity and carbon chain length effects on the gas sensing properties of chemoresistive, self-assembled monolayer carbon nanotube sensors

Reactive nitrogen around the Arabian Peninsula and in the Mediterranean Sea during the 2017 AQABA ship campaign

Sampling and Analysis of Petroleum Coco-Biodiesel Blend-Fueled PUV Exhaust for NO2 and Particulate PAH, Elemental Composition and Toxicity

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