Nitrogen Budget and Ammonia Volatilization in Paddy Fields Fertilized With Liquid Cattle Waste

Abstract

A study was conducted to determine nitrogen budget and ammonia volatilization in Japanese paddy fields supplemented with liquid cattle waste (LCW). A series of four, 2×10 m experimental plots was established in a paddy field with silty clay soil planted with forage rice (Oryza sativa L.). In addition to 195 kg N ha −1 of chemical or compost-based basal fertilizer, LCW was applied as an additional fertilizer at total nitrogen rates of 0, 255, 255, and 405 kg N ha −1 to the four plots C195, T450-1, T450-2, and T600, respectively. The mass balance showed that after application of LCW, 32-39% of total input nitrogen was assimilated into aboveground parts of rice plants, 11-15% leached downward, 2.5-4.0% was lost via ammonia volatilization, 1.6-5.1% was retained in roots or was adsorbed onto soil, and approximately 30-40% was lost via denitrification. Compared to animal waste slurries applied to unsaturated soils, nitrogen loss via ammonia volatilization was relatively lower, probably due to the dilution effect of floodwater. Nitrogen loss via denitrification was markedly higher in areas where LCW was applied compared to areas without LCW application. On the other hand, nitrogen leaching downwards represented a substantial loss and may be an environmental concern. However, after LCW application only, the ammonium ion was detected, at a maximum nitrogen concentration of 11.4 mg L −1 . In this system, therefore, nitrogen has a different fate to that in animal waste slurries applied to unsaturated soil. In that situation, the major nitrogen form in leaching water is nitrate nitrogen, which moves readily into groundwater.

Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching losses from paddy fields with different water and nitrogen managements

“…-N) to the T-N ranged from 8.00 to 30.0%. Field experiments conducted in Korea and Japan by Yoon et al (2006) and Zhou et al (2009) also showed similar results. However, other research (Wu et al 2001;Cui et al 2004;Pathak et al 2004;Ji et al 2008) showed that leaching losses of NH 4 ?…”

Effects of N loading rate on CH4 and N2O emissions during cultivation and fallow periods from forage rice fields fertilized with liquid cattle waste

“…According to Nishimura et al (2004), the CO 2 -equivalent (CO 2 -eq) of N 2 O emissions during fallow periods accounted for 26% of the CO 2 -eq derived from CH 4 and N 2 O emissions during the entire period, including cultivation and fallow periods, which suggests that N 2 O emissions during the fallow period are not negligible. Further, results of our previous study indicated that a high LCW loading rate of 600 kg N ha À1 increased the residual mineral N in the soil at harvest (Zhou et al, 2009). This mineral N could be a potential source of N 2 O during the fallow period.…”

“…The LCW was obtained from Menuma Organic Center in Saitama, Japan (Zhou et al, 2009). The center collects 380 t year À1 of slurry of cattle manure from farms breeding 670 head of cattle in surrounding area, and treats them into LCW by aerating the slurry.…”

“…In order to promote cooperation between rice cultivation and livestock farming, liquid cattle waste (LCW) is incorporated into forage rice paddy fields as a fertilizer. Liquid cattle waste is produced by aerating the liquid phase of cattle manure (Zhou et al, 2009) to remove degradable organic matter and odoriferous compounds. Thus, the use of LCW as fertilizer for forage rice is expected to replace chemical fertilizer use and to promote material recycling.…”

Field analysis of water and nitrogen fate in lowland paddy fields under different water managements using HYDRUS-1D

“…However, the transport and transformations of N applied to paddy fields under AWD irrigation are not well understood, although some field experiments showed the effects of AWD irrigation on N use in paddy fields (Lin et al, 2006;Sun et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2009 Much attention has been given on N losses that decrease the N use efficiency and cause serious environmental problems. Several field measurements were conducted to study the N fate and environmental consequences of paddy fields under different field conditions, e.g., rice-wheat rotations , N applications with different rates (Kyaw et al, 2005;Zhou et al, 2008), and WSI practices (Belder et al, 2005;Patil and Das, 2013). However, these measurements were hard to show the N transformations, although Kyaw et al (2005) had combined laboratory estimations of N fixation and denitrification.…”