Nitrogen availability and production of bikaverin and gibberellins in Gibberella fujikuroi

Giordano, Walter

doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(99)00106-8

Cited by 23 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Nitrogen availability is a major determining agent in the regulation of gibberellin and bikaverin biosynthesis (13,21), but the role of this nutrient in the production of other secondary metabolites by this fungus has not previously been extensively investigated. Carotenoids accumulate in response to light (4, 9) through the transcriptional induction of at least three structural genes, carRA, carB, and carT (33,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Carotenogenesis and Secondary Metabolism by Nitrogen in Wild-Type Fusarium fujikuroi and Carotenoid-Overproducing Mutants

Rodríguez-Ortiz

Limón

Ávalos

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella fujikuroi MP-C) produces metabolites of biotechnological interest, such as gibberellins, bikaverins, and carotenoids. Gibberellin and bikaverin productions are induced upon nitrogen exhaustion, while carotenoid accumulation is stimulated by light. We evaluated the effect of nitrogen availability on carotenogenesis in comparison with bikaverin and gibberellin production in the wild type and in carotenoid-overproducing mutants (carS). Nitrogen starvation increased carotenoid accumulation in all strains tested. In carS strains, gibberellin and bikaverin biosynthesis patterns differed from those of the wild type and paralleled the expression of key genes for both pathways, coding for geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and kaurene synthases for the former and a polyketide synthase for the latter. These results suggest regulatory connections between carotenoid biosynthesis and nitrogen-controlled biosynthetic pathways in this fungus. Expression of gene ggs1, which encodes a second GGPP synthase, was also derepressed in the carS mutants, suggesting the participation of Ggs1 in carotenoid biosynthesis. The carS mutations did not affect genes for earlier steps of the terpenoid pathway, such as fppS or hmgR. Light induced carotenoid biosynthesis in the wild type and carRA and carB levels in the wild-type and carS strains irrespective of nitrogen availability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Carotenogenesis and Secondary Metabolism by Nitrogen in Wild-Type Fusarium fujikuroi and Carotenoid-Overproducing Mutants

Rodríguez-Ortiz

Limón

Ávalos

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In contrast, bikaverin production is repressed by nitrogen in an AreA-independent manner, and it is modulated by other regulatory proteins, including those encoded by two genes present in the bik cluster (8). The biosynthesis requires acidic pH (16), indicating the participation of the pH regulatory protein PacC, whose deletion results in upregulation of the bik genes (8). Functional loss of the bZIP transcription factor MeaB results in a mild upregulation of the bikaverin genes in high nitrogen conditions, and this effect is significantly enhanced in the absence of AreA (17), reflecting the complexity of the regulatory network governing this pathway.…”

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confidence: 99%

Light-Dependent Functions of the Fusarium fujikuroi CryD DASH Cryptochrome in Development and Secondary Metabolism

Castrillo

García-Martínez

Ávalos

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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DASH (Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis, human) cryptochromes (cry-DASHs) constitute a subgroup of the photolyase cryptochrome family with diverse light-sensing roles, found in most taxonomical groups. The genome of Fusarium fujikuroi, a phytopathogenic fungus with a rich secondary metabolism, contains a gene encoding a putative cry-DASH, named CryD. The expression of the cryD gene is induced by light in the wild type, but not in mutants of the "white collar" gene wcoA. Targeted ⌬cryD mutants show light-dependent phenotypic alterations, including changes in morphology and pigmentation, which disappear upon reintroduction of a wild-type cryD allele. In addition to microconidia, the colonies of the ⌬cryD mutants produced under illumination and nitrogen starvation large septated spores called macroconidia, absent in wild-type colonies. The ⌬cryD mutants accumulated similar amounts of carotenoids to the control strain under constant illumination, but produced much larger amounts of bikaverin under nitrogen starvation, indicating a repressing role for CryD in this biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, a moderate photoinduction of gibberellin production was exhibited by the wild type but not by the ⌬cryD mutants. The phenotypic alterations of the ⌬cryD mutants were only noticeable in the light, as expected from the low expression of cryD in the dark, but did not correlate with mRNA levels for structural genes of the bikaverin or gibberellin biosynthetic pathways, suggesting the participation of CryD in posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms. This is the first report on the participation of a cry-DASH protein in the regulation of fungal secondary metabolism.

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“…In addition to GAs, the fungus produces several other secondary metabolites, such as the red pigment bikaverin (44), fumonisins (54), and fusarin C (62). The biosynthesis of GAs and bikaverin, both nitrogen-free compounds, is strongly inhibited by high amounts of nitrogen in the culture medium (31). Recently, we have shown that this nitrogen regulation acts at the transcriptional level: six of the seven GA biosynthetic genes and the bikaverin-specific polyketide synthase gene, pks4, are repressed under nitrogen-sufficient conditions (44,49).…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of the Fusarium fujikuroi TOR Kinase in Nitrogen Regulation and Secondary Metabolism

et al. 2006

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In Fusarium fujikuroi, the biosynthesis of gibberellins (GAs) and bikaverin is under control of AreA-mediated nitrogen metabolite repression. Thus far, the signaling components acting upstream of AreA and regulating its nuclear translocation are unknown. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins, Tor1p and Tor2p, are key players of nutrient-mediated signal transduction to control cell growth. In filamentous fungi, probably only one TOR kinase-encoding gene exists. However, nothing is known about its function. Therefore, we investigated the role of TOR in the GA-producing fungus F. fujikuroi in order to determine whether TOR plays a role in nitrogen regulation, especially in the regulation of GA and bikaverin biosynthesis. We cloned and characterized the F. fujikuroi tor gene. However, we were not able to create knockout mutants, suggesting that TOR is essential for viability. Inhibition of TOR by rapamycin affected the expression of AreA-controlled secondary metabolite genes for GA and bikaverin biosynthesis, as well as genes involved in transcriptional and translational regulation, ribosome biogenesis, and autophagy. Deletion of fpr1 encoding the FKBP12-homologue confirmed that the effects of rapamycin are due to the specific inhibition of TOR. Interestingly, the expression of most of the TOR target genes has been previously shown to be also affected in the glutamine synthetase mutant, although in the opposite way. We demonstrate here for the first time in a filamentous fungus that the TOR kinase is involved in nitrogen regulation of secondary metabolism and that rapamycin affects also the expression of genes involved in translation control, ribosome biogenesis, carbon metabolism, and autophagy.

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Nitrogen availability and production of bikaverin and gibberellins in Gibberella fujikuroi

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Regulation of Carotenogenesis and Secondary Metabolism by Nitrogen in Wild-Type Fusarium fujikuroi and Carotenoid-Overproducing Mutants

Regulation of Carotenogenesis and Secondary Metabolism by Nitrogen in Wild-Type Fusarium fujikuroi and Carotenoid-Overproducing Mutants

Light-Dependent Functions of the Fusarium fujikuroi CryD DASH Cryptochrome in Development and Secondary Metabolism

Role of the Fusarium fujikuroi TOR Kinase in Nitrogen Regulation and Secondary Metabolism

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