Nitrogen and boron co-doped graphene nanoribbons as peroxidase-mimicking nanozymes for enhanced biosensing

Prospects of nano-carbons as emerging catalysts for enzyme-mimetic applications

“…delocalize the total electron density of the framework by creating defects and acting as active sites for the substrate molecules. 61–65 The optical, electronic properties and chemical reactivity of nano-carbons can be tuned by the generation of n-type or p-type carriers. In addition, heteroatom doping can affect the water solubility and bandgap of nano-carbons.…”

Multi-enzyme mimics – cracking the code of subcellular cascade reactions and their potential biological applications

“…N, O, S, P, B and F heteroatoms are generally incorporated into the carbon framework to create the defect sites and in order to delocalize the electron density, make it water soluble and increase or decrease the band gap depending on the p-type or n-type carriers. [120][121][122] Generally, N and O are the n-type carriers and are electrondonating due to their lone pairs of electrons, which put a strain on the sp2 hybridized bonds in the carbon framework and displace the electron density by breaking the CQC bonds. Nitrogen doping in a typical hexagonal graphitic carbon framework is of four different types including pyridinic, pyrrolic, quaternary and graphitic as shown in Fig.…”

A visualized sensor based on layered double hydroxides with peroxidase-like activity for sensitive acetylcholinesterase assay

“…carbon quantum dots and graphene oxide). [37][38][39] Additionally, the enzyme-like activities of these functional materials mainly belong to the oxidoreductase and hydrolases, such as peroxidase, oxidase, and catalase. 40 As a type of oxidoreductase, peroxidases can catalyze the oxidation of organic substrates, such as o-phenylenediamine (OPD), 3,3 ′ ,5,5 ′ -tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), and 2,2 ′ -azinobis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), to produce yellow, blue, and green colors, respectively.…”