Nitrifier genomics and evolution of the nitrogen cycle

Klotz, Martin G.; Stein, Lisa Y.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00970.x

Cited by 200 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Use of the Rayleigh distillation equation with measurements of d 15 N NH4 would get around the potential problem from accumulation of intermediates, although it would still be affected by NH 3 /NH 4 þ equilibration and NH 4 þ transport effects discussed above. At this time there are many additional uncertainties in the archaeal ammonia oxidation pathway (Klotz and Stein, 2008;Walker et al, 2010) including the exact chemical intermediates, the localization of the respiratory enzymes within the cell, and the role of active NH 3 /NH 4 þ transport that must be resolved before the mechanisms causing variable 15 e NH3 can be fully explained.…”

Section: Nitrogen Isotopic Fractionationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enrichment and characterization of ammonia-oxidizing archaea from the open ocean: phylogeny, physiology and stable isotope fractionation

2011

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Archaeal genes for ammonia oxidation are widespread in the marine environment, but direct physiological evidence for ammonia oxidation by marine archaea is limited. We report the enrichment and characterization of three strains of pelagic ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) from the North Pacific Ocean that have been maintained in laboratory culture for over 3 years. Phylogenetic analyses indicate the three strains belong to a previously identified clade of water column-associated AOA and possess 16S ribosomal RNA genes and ammonia monooxygenase subunit a (amoA) genes highly similar (98-99% identity) to those recovered in DNA and complementary DNA clone libraries from the open ocean. The strains grow in natural seawaterbased liquid medium while stoichiometrically converting ammonia (NH 3 ) to nitrite (NO 2 À ). Ammonia oxidation by the enrichments is only partially inhibited by allylthiourea at concentrations known to completely inhibit cultivated ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The three strains were used to determine the nitrogen stable isotope effect ( 15 e NH3 ) during archaeal ammonia oxidation, an important parameter for interpreting stable isotope ratios in the environment. Archaeal 15 e NH3 ranged from 13% to 41%, within the range of that previously reported for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Despite low amino acid identity between the archaeal and bacterial Amo proteins, their functional diversity as captured by 15 e NH3 is similar.

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Section: Nitrogen Isotopic Fractionationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enrichment and characterization of ammonia-oxidizing archaea from the open ocean: phylogeny, physiology and stable isotope fractionation

2011

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“…2 F. D. Oeste et al: Climate engineering by mimicking natural dust climate control the oceanic environment (Klotz and Stein, 2008;Simon and Klotz, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate engineering by mimicking natural dust climate control: the iron salt aerosol method

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Power stations, ships and air traffic are among the most potent greenhouse gas emitters and are primarily responsible for global warming. Iron salt aerosols (ISAs), composed partly of iron and chloride, exert a cooling effect on climate in several ways. This article aims firstly to examine all direct and indirect natural climate cooling mechanisms driven by ISA tropospheric aerosol particles, showing their cooperation and interaction within the different environmental compartments. Secondly, it looks at a proposal to enhance the cooling effects of ISA in order to reach the optimistic target of the Paris climate agreement to limit the global temperature increase between 1.5 and 2 • C.Mineral dust played an important role during the glacial periods; by using mineral dust as a natural analogue tool and by mimicking the same method used in nature, the proposed ISA method might be able to reduce and stop climate warming. The first estimations made in this article show that by doubling the current natural iron emissions by ISA into the troposphere, i.e., by about 0.3 Tg Fe yr −1 , artificial ISA would enable the prevention or even reversal of global warming. The ISA method proposed integrates technical and economically feasible tools.

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“…The term DNRA is actually a misnomer consisting of two independent reduction steps (7). Nitrate is first reduced to nitrite by a reductase and is not necessarily linked with any downstream process, such as nitrite reduction to N 2 or ammonium (16). Depending on the environmental conditions, nitrite may undergo dissimilatory reduction via denitrification, respiratory nitrite ammonification (i.e., DNRA), or anammox.…”

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confidence: 99%