Nitrification potential curves: a new strategy for nitrification prevention

Fleming, Kala K.; Harrington, Gregory W.; Noguera, Daniel R.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07453.x

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…According to the nitrification poten-tial curves by Fleming et al [45], nitrification is prevented when the mass ratio of total chlorine and ammonia is above 8:1 mg Cl 2 : mg N. In our research, the total residual chlorine in the water supplied from the WTPs was 0.35 -0.4 mg…”

Section: Nitrificationsupporting

confidence: 49%

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The Spatial Distribution of Nitrite Concentrations in a Large Drinking Water Distribution System in Finland

Rantanen¹,

Keinänen‐Toivola²,

Ahonen³

et al. 2017

JWARP

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Nitrite in drinking water is a potential health hazard and monitoring its concentrations in distributed water is of paramount importance. When monochloramine is used in secondary disinfection in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), nitrite is often formed by nitrification in the biofilm on the inner surface of distribution pipes. This article attempts to identify areas with a risk of increased nitrite concentrations as well as the main reasons leading to nitrite occurrence in a large urban DWDS in Finland using spatial inspection of obligatory monitoring data. Nitrification was found to occur throughout the study area, though nitrite was not increased everywhere. Instead, nitrite was increased close to the water treatment plants (WTPs) and was connected to fresh drinking water than stagnant drinking water. Temperature effects on nitrite concentrations were surprisingly insignificant, even though it is well known that nitrification reactions are affected by temperature. The temperature dependence of ammonium and total residual chlorine was more significant than the dependence of nitrite. The findings of this study emphasize the need to monitor nitrite concentrations close to WTPs.

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Section: Nitrificationsupporting

confidence: 49%

“…Fleming et al [45] calculated that below a theoretical threshold concentration of total residual chlorine of 1.6 mg…”

Section: Nitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatial Distribution of Nitrite Concentrations in a Large Drinking Water Distribution System in Finland

Rantanen¹,

Keinänen‐Toivola²,

Ahonen³

et al. 2017

JWARP

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“…However, recent findings have shown that other species e e.g., Nitrosomonas oligotropha (Regan et al 2002), nitrifying Archaea (Hoefel et al, 2011), and heterotrophic nitrifiers (Daum et al, 1998) can be present and contribute to nitrification. The equation for BRC was implemented by Fleming et al (2005) and further modified by Sathasivan et al (2008) as follows: According to the biostability concept (Woolschlager et al, 2001) the regrowth of AOB can be prevented if the inactivation rate equals or exceeds the bacterial growth rate at each location within the distribution system (Sarker et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Left Atrial Pressure Monitoring During MitraClip

Eleid

Sanon

Reeder

et al. 2015

JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions

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a b s t r a c tThe ability of microbes to accelerate chloramine decay to the same degree as under severe nitrification, but without the signs of severe nitrification is reported. Traditionally, only nitrification is believed to microbiologically challenge the stability of chloramine. Chloraminated water containing high amount of natural organic matter (10e12 mg L À1 of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) was fed to four lab scale reactors connected in series. Each reactor had one day retention time with a total of four days in total. The decay coefficient was observed to be a maximum of 0.06 h À1 without substantial changes in ammonia, nitrite or nitrate levels. Despite very low chloramine residuals, nitrite only increased to less than 0.012 mg-N L À1 , indicating a mildly nitrifying condition. Previously reported decay coefficient (0.001e0.006 h À1 ) for the condition was an order less. Changing of the feed to a new water from the same source, but with a low DOC (of 4 mg L À1 ) led to the onset of nitrification complying biostability. The maximum observed chloramine decay coefficient with severe nitrification was 0.085 h À1 . Therefore, microbes present under mildly nitrifying condition can be as destructive as that in severely nitrifying condition. For better control of chloramine, attention on microbes present under mild nitrification is needed.

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“…These four pathways result in a complex scenario for whether or not N. europaea (or AOB in general) will be able to sustain themselves in the presence of monochloramine. Thus far, Pathways A, B, and C have been considered when developing conceptual models to understand the competing impacts of monochloramine inactivation and growth on ammonia in drinking water distribution systems, leading to growth versus inactivation models (e.g., Fleming et al, 2005;Schrantz et al, 2013;Speitel et al, 2011). One challenge to using these nitrification occurrence models is that N. europaea monochloramine inactivation studies have provided widely different estimates for inactivation rate constants based on the inactivation criterion selected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%