Nitric oxide release by hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk was provoked by interleukin-2 but not by lipopolysaccharide

The role of signalling molecules on actin glutathionylation and protein carbonylation induced by cadmium in haemocytes of musselMytilus galloprovincialis(Lmk)

“…The involvement of PKA in NO synthesis has been also suggested (Novas et al, 2004). NADPH oxidase, as well as nitric oxide synthase activation, enhance the production of oxygen radicals, such as superoxides (O 2 •) and nitric oxide (NO), thus representing the main enzymes of the immune response of haemocytes against foreign substances (Noel et al, 1993;Conte and Ottaviani, 1995 Gourdon et al, 2001).…”

“…Production of superoxide anions (O 2 •) via NADPH oxidase, as well as nitric oxide generation (NO), via nitric oxide synthase activation, was reported to be associated with phagocytic ability in haemocytes of mussels (Padgett and Pruet, 1992;Salman-Tabcheh et al, 1995;Winston et al, 1996;Carballal et al, 1997;Dailianis, 2009). Although various effectors have been shown to provoke O 2 • and NO generation (for more details see Noel et al, 1993;Ottaviani et al, 1993;Franchini et al, 1995a;Winston et al, 1996;Gourdon et al, 2001;Tafalla et al, 2002;Novas et al, 2004), little is known about the involvement of NADPH oxidase and NO synthase in the processes of glutathionylation and protein carbonylation in haemocytes of mussels exposed to foreign substances, such as cadmium.…”

Changes in the nitric oxide system in the shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Crustacea, decapoda) CNS induced by a nociceptive stimulus

“…Only limited data exist on the induction of an iNOS-like enzyme in the invertebrate tissues. To date, Ca 2+ /calmodulin-independent constitutive isoforms of non-neuronal NOS have been found in hemocytes of horseshoe crabs (Radomski et al, 1991), in hemocytes of some molluscs (Novas et al, 2004;Wright et al, 2006) and in Malpighian tubules of insects (Choi et al, 1995). Invertebrate iNOS was found to have a 130kDa apparent molecular mass, and its amino acid sequence lacked a part of the N-terminal domain when compared with mammalian type I and II NOS (Kalsner, 2000).…”

Implication of PKC in the seasonal variation of the immune response of the hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. and its role in interleukin‐2‐induced nitric oxide synthesis

“…The necessary amount of each stimulator was added to these suspensions, which were then put back into the incubator at 208C for 24 h in each experiment. Each of the stimulations was performed in duplicate in at least six different assays, using cells from different pools for each assay (17). The concentrations of cytokines and stimulators used were: 10 mg/ml for IL-2 and 10 ng/ml for LPS and TNF-a (17).…”

“…The total NO released by the cell culture was determined by measuring the accumulation with Griess reagent (29) adapted to mussel hemocytes (17,28) as follows: 50 ml of culture medium was incubated with 0.2 units/ml of nitrite reductase in the presence of 2 mM NADPH (time 0). After 24 h, Griess reagent was used to determine nitrite as follows: 10 mM sulfanilic acid and 20 mM HCl (final concentrations) were added to the haemocytes.…”