Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study

Wagle, Madhu; Basnet, Purusotam; Vårtun, Åse; Acharya, Ganesh

doi:10.3390/ijerph18179330

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As elucidated by [ 45 ], the observed elevation in salivary estrogen levels during the second and third trimesters theoretically suggests a potential impact on the expression profiles of specific microbial and protein markers. In line with this, nitric oxide increased with advancing gestation, but the oxidative stress and the antioxidant capacity did not change significantly during pregnancy [ 46 ]. Some of the antimicrobial peptides displayed dynamic fluctuations, while others maintain a consistent pattern throughout the course of pregnancy and postpartum assessments [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Clinical, oral immunological and microbiological shifts during and after pregnancy

Meriç,

Silbereisen,

Emingil

et al. 2023

Clin Oral Invest

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives Physiological changes and shifts in the oral microbiota composition during pregnancy may affect the maternal immune system. Uncomplicated pregnancy is associated with a T-helper (Th) 2 predominant cytokine regulation (anti-inflammatory), while oral health deterioration during pregnancy is reflected by severe gingival inflammation, a primarily Th1 cytokine phenotype (pro-inflammatory), and oral microbiome alterations. This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate Th cytokine shifts and changes in the oral microbiota composition in saliva of women before and after birth. Material and methods Saliva (n = 96) was collected before and 6 months after birth, and medical, oral health, and periodontal status were assessed. In a multiplex immunoassay, 10 cytokines were simultaneously analyzed and cumulative Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels and Th1/Th2 ratio were calculated for all groups. Putative periodontal pathogens (n = 6) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Th2 cytokine levels were significantly lower (p = 0.014) while pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01) during pregnancy than postpartum. Similar Th1 levels were found between the groups (p = 0.143). Th1 and Th2 cytokines positively correlated with periodontal parameters (p < 0.001) and levels of studied bacteria during pregnancy (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study identified a significantly increased Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio during pregnancy and a positive association with putative periodontal pathogens. This immunological and microbiological deregulation in the oral milieu during pregnancy is suggestive of a destructive inflammatory periodontal profile. Study registration Clinical Trials.gov (Record BAP-2015). Clinical relevance Understanding altered oral immunological and microbiological regulation patterns during pregnancy may help improve the inflammatory periodontal profile in pregnant women.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Clinical, oral immunological and microbiological shifts during and after pregnancy

Meriç,

Silbereisen,

Emingil

et al. 2023

Clin Oral Invest

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the present study, Streptococcus mutants was also found in pregnant women who had never used orthodontic appliances. The changes in these bacteria [ 29 ] are related to increased levels of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde (MDA) [ 28 ], and cause a decrease in the salivary acidity and calcium content [ 30 ]. Due to this condition, the risk of dental caries and gingival disease increases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Microbiome Profiles and Inflammation in Pregnant Women Who Used Orthodontic Appliances

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is common for women to undergo orthodontic treatment during pregnancy, especially through the use of fixed orthodontic devices. In changing the oral microbiome profile, it is crucial to increase the immune responses of pregnant women using fixed orthodontics; however, changes in the microbiomes of pregnant women with orthodontic appliances can be adjusted. Therefore, we aimed to conduct research on the oral cavity microbiome profiles, specifically IL-6 and TNF-α, of pregnant women using fixed orthodontic appliances. We proposed an observational analysis of 30 third-trimester pregnant women. OHI-S was recorded, saliva collection was performed using the passive drool method for IL-6 and TNF-α, and analysis and mucosal swabs were used to determine the oral microbiome profile. Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to identify any significant differences with values of p < 0.05. Of these pregnant women, those with orthodontic appliances developed 10 types of bacteria at similar levels (>80%) from the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Veillonella. There was no difference between the oral microbiomes of the control group and the pregnant women with a history of orthodontic appliance use. While the level of TNF-α in the women with orthodontic appliances was higher compared with the control group who had never used orthodontic appliances (p < 0.05), there was no difference in the IL-6 levels. The IL-6 and microbiome profile produced normal results, so the use of orthodontic appliances during pregnancy should be allowed with conditions. Pregnant women with orthodontic appliances must keep the oral cavity clean and their appliances well-maintained to avoid oral problems.

show abstract

Evaluation of mutans streptococci concerning oral health in the saliva of pregnant women

Jassim,

Aldhaher

2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pregnancy is a physiological condition that affects a woman's life, including susceptibility to oral disease. Increased levels of female hormones impact the growth of periodontal pathogenic bacteria. In several mutants, Streptococci levels are said to be greater during Pregnancy. Thus, the cariogenic bacteria predominating in plaque and saliva will develop more acids through fermentation, leading to dental caries. The present study aimed to assess (Decay and Decayed, Missing and Filled Surface) value and mutans streptococci counts in pregnant and non-pregnant women. The method was applied to 80 women, with an age range of 20 to 30 years. The study group comprised 60 pregnant women divided into three equal trimester groups (20 pregnant women in each trimester), while the control group consisted of 20 married non-pregnant. The salivary samples were collected under standardized conditions for microbiological analysis and oral examination done by caries experience (Decay and Decayed, Missing and Filled Surfaces). Results revealed that Decayed, Missing and Filled Surfaces value and mutans Streptococci count was higher in (study groups) in comparison to (control group) in addition to the correlation between the viable count of mutans streptococci (CFU×105 /ml) and DMF appeared positive significant result in this study. Keywords: Pregnant women, DMFs, mutans streptococci.

show abstract

Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 36 publications

Clinical, oral immunological and microbiological shifts during and after pregnancy

Clinical, oral immunological and microbiological shifts during and after pregnancy

Oral Microbiome Profiles and Inflammation in Pregnant Women Who Used Orthodontic Appliances

Evaluation of mutans streptococci concerning oral health in the saliva of pregnant women

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About