Nitrated phenols in the atmosphere: a review

Harrison, Mark A.; Barra, Silvia; Borghesi, Daniele; Vione, Davide; Arsene, Cecilia; Olariu, Romeo Iulian

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.044

Cited by 366 publications

(444 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Equation (1) implies that the spectral dependence of the mirror reflectivity is required to quantify the sample absorption. Moreover, as the flexible FEP-Teflon bag expanded and contracted during the purging of the chamber, a modest variation in the sample volume between experiments was expected.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Atmospheric sources of nitrophenols include primary emissions from vehicles and secondary formation from tropospheric reactions of monoaromatic compounds with the hydroxyl radical, OH, in the presence of nitrogen oxides, or NO 3 -initiated oxidation of phenol and cresols. [2][3][4][5] Lately, nitrophenols in the gas phase have attracted attention as photolytic precursors of nitrous acid, HONO, [6][7] an important tropospheric species which readily photolyzes to form OH, the principal oxidant in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Near-Ultraviolet Absorption Cross Sections of Nitrophenols and Their Potential Influence on Tropospheric Oxidation Capacity

2011

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Access to the full text of the published version may require a subscription. HONO, but their gas-phase absorption has not previously been reported. In this study, the absorption cross-sections of 2-nitrophenol, 3-methyl-2-nitrophenol, and 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol were measured from 320 to 450 nm using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS). RightsThe benzaldehyde absorption spectrum was measured to validate the approach and was in good agreement with literature spectra. The nitrophenol absorption cross-sections are large (ca. 10 -17 cm 2 molecule -1 ) and blue-shifted about 20 nm compared to previously measured solution spectra. Besides forming HONO, nitrophenol absorption influences other photochemistry by reducing the available actinic flux. The magnitudes of both effects are evaluated as a function of solar zenith angle, and nitrophenol absorption is shown to lower the photolysis rates of O 3 and NO 2 .

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-Ultraviolet Absorption Cross Sections of Nitrophenols and Their Potential Influence on Tropospheric Oxidation Capacity

2011

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“…Recently, gas phase mixing ratios of B60 pptv of ortho-nitrophenol were measured at an urban site. 11 Since photolytic HONO formation is expected for all phenolic aromatic hydrocarbons with a nitro group in an ortho-position to the OH group, including higher molecular nitro-PAHs, polynitro-and polyhydroxy-aromatics, a mixing ratio of 1 ppbv is considered reasonable for the total of all these compounds present in the urban troposphere. In addition, as speculated above, other classes of nitroaromatics might also form HONO upon photolysis.…”

Section: Atmospheric Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The photolysis of ortho-nitrophenols: a new gas phase source of HONO

Bejan

Aal

Barnes

et al. 2006

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

234

291

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Formation of nitrous acid (HONO) in the gas phase has been observed for the first time in a flow tube photoreactor upon irradiation (l = 300-500 nm) of 2-nitrophenol and methyl substituted derivatives using a selective and sensitive instrument (LOPAP) for the detection of HONO. Formation of HONO by heterogeneous NO 2 photochemistry has been excluded, since production of NO 2 under the experimental conditions is negligible. Variation of the surface to volume ratio and the nitrophenol concentration showed that the photolysis occurred in the gas phase indicating that HONO formation is initiated by intramolecular hydrogen transfer from the phenolic OH group to the nitro group. From the measured linear dependence of the HONO formation rate on the reactant's concentration and photolysis light intensity, a non-negligible new HONO source is proposed for the urban atmosphere during the day. Unexpectedly high HONO mixing ratios have been observed recently in several field campaigns during the day. It is proposed that the photolysis of aromatic compounds containing the ortho-nitrophenol entity could help to explain, at least in part, this high contribution of HONO to the oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere.

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“…Via photo-oxidation and aqueous-phase reactions, nitrated phenols could alter the tropospheric photochemistry and influence SOA formation, thus affecting regional air quality and atmospheric visibility (Mohr et al, 2013;Laskin et al, 2015;Chow et al, 2016;Yuan et al, 2016). In addition, nitrated phenols are hazardous to plants, animals, aquatic life, and humans (Natangelo et al, 1999;Schüssler and Nitschke, 2001;Harrison et al, 2005a;Ganranoo et al, 2010). The significant roles of nitrated phenols in the atmosphere and their adverse effects on living things have triggered the need to understand their pollution characteristics and their origins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to biomass burning, other combustion activities (e.g., coal, gasoline) are possible sources of nitrated phenols (Nojima et al, 1983;Tremp et al, 1993;Yan et al, 2015); their contributions, however, have not yet been well evaluated. Furthermore, nitrated phenols have been used as pesticides in some farmlands and are widely used as raw materials in industrial processes (Harrison et al, 2005a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of fine particulate nitrated phenols in four sites in northern China: concentrations, source apportionment, and secondary formation

Wang

et al. 2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Filter samples of fine particulate matters were collected at four sites in northern China (urban, rural, and mountain) in summer and winter, and the contents of nine nitrated phenols were quantified in the laboratory with the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. During the sampling periods, the concentrations of particulate nitrated phenols exhibited distinct temporal and spatial variation. On average, the total concentration of particulate nitrated phenols in urban Jinan in the wintertime reached 48.4 ng m −3 , and those in the summertime were 9.8, 5.7, 5.9, and 2.5 ng m −3 in urban Jinan, rural Yucheng and Wangdu, and Mt. Tai, respectively. The elevated concentrations of nitrated phenols in wintertime and in urban areas demonstrate the apparent influences of anthropogenic sources. The positive matrix factorization receptor model was then applied to determine the origins of particulate nitrated phenols in northern China. The five major source factors were traffic, coal combustion, biomass burning, secondary formation, and aged coal combustion plume. Among them, coal combustion played a vital role, especially at the urban site in the wintertime, with a contribution of around 55 %. In the summertime, the observed nitrated phenols were highly influenced by aged coal combustion plumes at all of the sampling sites. Meanwhile, in remote areas, contributions from secondary formation were significant. Further correlation analysis indicates that nitrosalicylic acids were produced mostly from secondary formation that was dominated by NO 2 nitration.

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Nitrated phenols in the atmosphere: a review

Cited by 366 publications

References 117 publications

Near-Ultraviolet Absorption Cross Sections of Nitrophenols and Their Potential Influence on Tropospheric Oxidation Capacity

Near-Ultraviolet Absorption Cross Sections of Nitrophenols and Their Potential Influence on Tropospheric Oxidation Capacity

The photolysis of ortho-nitrophenols: a new gas phase source of HONO

Observations of fine particulate nitrated phenols in four sites in northern China: concentrations, source apportionment, and secondary formation

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