Nitrate regulation of lateral root and root hair development in plants

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important macronutrients for plant growth and development. However, the concentration and distribution of N varies in soil due to a variety of environmental factors. In response, higher plants have evolved a developmentally flexible root system to efficiently take up N under N-limited conditions. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding this form of plant ‘root-foraging’ behavior, which is controlled by both a local and a long-distance systemic nitrate signaling pathway. In this review, we focus on the key components of nitrate perception, signaling, and transduction and its role in lateral root development. We also highlight recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of the nitrate systemic signaling pathway, including small signaling peptides involved in long-distance shoot–root communication. Furthermore, we summarize the transcription factor networks responsible for nitrate-dependent lateral root and root hair development.

Integrative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Alternative Molecular Network of Glutamine Synthetase 2 Corresponding to Nitrogen Deficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

“…In this study, LRs were almost inhibited in the high-NUE variety LY9348 ( Figure 1 B). This result is contradictory to that in Arabidopsis , where LRs are largely induced by N shortage [ 80 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ]. Therefore, the absorption area increments on the RSA by LR initiation and elongation may not be the key mechanism underlying increased N absorption efficiency in LY9348, especially compared with the LRs in Arabidopsis .…”

Cytokinin biosynthesis and transport for systemic nitrogen signaling

“…The regulation of nitrate acquisition involves the modulation of nitrate uptake and root system growth (Guan et al ., 2014; Naulin et al ., 2019; Jia and Wirén, 2020; Liu et al ., 2020). Regulatory systems of low‐ and high‐affinity NITRATE TRANSPORTER ( NRT ) expression by nitrogen availability have been extensively studied (Kiba and Krapp, 2016).…”

Modulation of plant root traits by nitrogen and phosphate: transporters, long-distance signaling proteins and peptides, and potential artificial traps

“…Emerging evidence has shown that some small peptides of the C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) and CLAVATA3/EMBYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) families are responsive to N/Pi signals and are involved in modulation of RSA (Liu et al 2020, Taleski et al 2018. Upon induction, they are perceived and bound by their respective receptors, CEP receptor (CEPR) and CLAVATA (CLV), to relay the signals to downstream components.…”

“…Among these strategies, molecular breeding via transgenic approaches require a fully understanding of the gene regulatory networks (Tian et al 2012). While the number of the genes in these networks is boosting (Liu et al 2020, Liu andWirén 2017), several recognized issues and emerging areas deserve more attention.…”

“…Recently, several reviews have well summarized the progresses in deciphering these networks (Chien et al 2018, Gutiérrez-Alanís et al 2018, Liu et al 2020, Liu and Wirén 2017. Furthermore, in spite of these accumulating progresses, it seems that there is still a yawning gap between the established knowledge and practical application even in the long run.…”