Nitrate enhances the secondary growth of storage roots in Panax ginseng

Geem, Kyoung Rok; Kim, Jaewook; Bae, Wonsil; Jee, Moo-Geun; Jin, Yu; Jang, In-Bae; Lee, Dong−Yun; Hong, Chang Pyo; Shim, Donghwan; Ryu, Hojin

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.009

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Ginseng is a perennial herb with a slow growth rate and a root phenotype affected by genetic, environmental and physiological factors [ 11 ]. At present, compared with studies on the pharmacological effects of ginseng, the number of physiological studies of ginseng is limited, and there are even less studies on root phenotypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The enlargement of roots is a complex biological process involving morphogenesis and dry matter accumulation, which are jointly regulated by genetic, environmental and physiological factors [ 11 , 12 ]. The thickening mechanism of taproots has been extensively studied in anatomy and physiology in recent decades, and it has been found that plant hormones are signal molecules that naturally exist in plants, affect the growth and development of plants and play very important roles in the process of plant root enlargement [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combining Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Taproot Enlargement in Panax ginseng

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Ginseng is regarded as the “king of herbs” in China, with its roots and rhizomes used as medicine, and it has a high medicinal value. In order to meet the market demand, the artificial cultivation of ginseng emerged, but different growth environments significantly affect the root morphology of garden ginseng. In this study, we used ginseng cultivated in deforested land (CF-CG) and ginseng cultivated in farmland (F-CG) as experimental materials. These two phenotypes were explored at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels so as to understand the regulatory mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng. The results show that, compared with those of F-CG, the thickness of the main roots in CF-CG was increased by 70.5%, and the fresh weight of the taproots was increased by 305.4%. Sucrose, fructose and ginsenoside were significantly accumulated in CF-CG. During the enlargement of the taproots of CF-CG, genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly up-regulated, while genes related to lignin biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. Auxin, gibberellin and abscisic acid synergistically regulated the enlargement of the taproots of the garden ginseng. In addition, as a sugar signaling molecule, T6P might act on the auxin synthesis gene ALDH2 to promote the synthesis of auxin and, thus, participate in the growth and development of garden ginseng roots. In summary, our study is conducive to clarifying the molecular regulation mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng, and it provides new insights for the further exploration of the morphogenesis of ginseng roots.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Taproot Enlargement in Panax ginseng

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…EdgeR version 3.16.5 was used to identify differentially expressed genes by calculating the negative binomial dispersion across conditions for differential gene expression analysis [ 50 ]. Significantly differentially expressed genes were considered to have a false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p value of 0.05 [ 51 ]. The Ginseng Genome Database ( , accessed on 26 February 2022) was used for reference sequences of ginseng.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DAVID platform was used for gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis, and the enriched GO term was determined by modified Fisher Exact test ( p < 0.05) [ 52 , 53 ]. GSEA was used to further analyze enriched GO genes, as described in our previous work [ 51 ]. The bar graph was visualized with the ‘ggplot2’ R package [ 54 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged Exposure to High Temperature Inhibits Shoot Primary and Root Secondary Growth in Panax ginseng

Hong

Geem

Kim

et al. 2022

IJMS

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High temperature is one of the most significant abiotic stresses reducing crop yield and quality by inhibiting plant growth and development. Global warming has recently increased the frequency of heat waves, which negatively impacts agricultural fields. Despite numerous studies on heat stress responses and signal transduction in model plant species, the molecular mechanism underlying thermomorphogenesis in Panax ginseng remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the high temperature response of ginseng at the phenotypic and molecular levels. Both the primary shoot growth and secondary root growth of ginseng plants were significantly reduced at high temperature. Histological analysis revealed that these decreases in shoot and root growth were caused by decreases in cell elongation and cambium stem cell activity, respectively. Analysis of P. ginseng RNA-seq data revealed that heat-stress-repressed stem and root growth is closely related to changes in photosynthesis, cell wall organization, cell wall loosening, and abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. Reduction in both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis resulted in defects in starch granule development in the storage parenchymal cells of the main tap root. Thus, by combining bioinformatics and histological analyses, we show that high temperature signaling pathways are integrated with crucial biological processes that repress stem and root growth in ginseng, providing novel insight into the heat stress response mechanism of P. ginseng.

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“…The maintenance of cambium stem cells directly affects the regulation of plant secondary growth. Previous studies have shown that a variety of plant hormones, including auxin, cytokinin (CK), and gibberellin (GA), as well as their crosstalk, affect the division and differentiation of cambium stem cells [ [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] ]. Recent research shows that increasing cambium activity through GA and nitrate treatments improves the development of storage parenchyma cells [ 8 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinin signaling promotes root secondary growth and bud formation in Panax ginseng

Geem,

Lim,

Hong

et al. 2024

Journal of Ginseng Research

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Nitrate enhances the secondary growth of storage roots in Panax ginseng

Cited by 8 publications

References 45 publications

Combining Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Taproot Enlargement in Panax ginseng

Combining Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Taproot Enlargement in Panax ginseng

Prolonged Exposure to High Temperature Inhibits Shoot Primary and Root Secondary Growth in Panax ginseng

Cytokinin signaling promotes root secondary growth and bud formation in Panax ginseng

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