Nitrate Contamination of Drinking Water: Evaluation of Genotoxic Risk in Human Populations

Kleinjans, Jos; Albering, H.J.; Marx, Anita; Maanen, J.M.S. van; Agen, B. van; Hoor, F. ten; Swaen, Gerard M. H.; Mertens, P. L. J. M.

doi:10.2307/3431312

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The elevated SCE level in operating room personnel exposed to waste anesthetic gases (mostly halothane, nitrous oxide, and isoflurane) indicates that these gases could be possible genotoxic hazards (14). In human populations exposed to nitrate concentrations in the range of 50-300 mg/l, no increase in SCE frequency was observed (15). However, CAs (12,(16)(17)(18)(19), SCEs (18), and gene mutations (16,20) were induced in cell cultures after treatment with high doses of sodium nitrite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of NOx on the somatic chromosomes of goldsmiths.

Yadav

Seth

1998

Environ Health Perspect

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The genotoxic effc of NO2 was investigated on somatic human chromosomes obtained from lymphocytes of45 goldsmiths exposed to 1770.5 mg/m3 NO1 in ambient air at normal temperatre and pressure and compared to an equal number of matched control breadting air containing 50 pg/m3 NOr. Short-term lymphocyte culres were set up from blood collected from both exposed and control individuals by venipuncue in heparinized sterile syringes. Mitotic We conducted an epidemiological survey using a proforma especially designed for this purpose. After obtaining consent, we performed subsequent medical examinations of subjects suffering from asthma.Short-term lymphocyte cultures were prepared from heparinized blood (heparin 500 IU/ml without preservative) according to the method of Moorhead et al. (3), with slight modifications. Blood (0.5 ml) was added to 5 ml RPMI 1640 medium containing 20% fetal calf serum, 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 pg/ml streptomycin, and 0.1 ml phytohemagglutinin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Colchicine (10 pg/ml) was added to the culture 2 hr before harvesting.Lymphocytes were harvested after 48 hr for determination of mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and satellite associations (SAs). Slides were air dried and stained with 4% Giemsa. As many as 100 good metaphases (well-spread metaphases showing 2N-46 and proper morphology of chromosomes) per individual were screened for CAs.To determine sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), we added 5-bromodeoxyuridine (10 pg/ml/culture; Sigma) 24 hr after preparing cultures. We used the method of Perry and Wolff (4) with the following modifications: 1) the cells on slides were stained directly in excess solution of Hoechst 33258 (50 pg/ml in H20; Sigma); 2) the slides were exposed to long-wave UV light of about 320-400 mm intensity; 3) the slides were rinsed with water and incubated for 15-30 min in 2X SSC at 65°C; and 4) the slides were rinsed with water and stained with 2-3% Giemsa in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8 ResultsThe epidemiological survey showed that 6 individuals out of the sample of 45 goldsmiths were asthmatic. As many as 30 persons also complained of irritation in the eyes.The data obtained during this study are presented in Tables 1-8. It is evident from Tables 1 and 2 that mean MI in exposed workers (9.57) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than in matched controls (5.01). It was highest in workers with an exposure period of 0-5 years. Thereafter, the MI showed a gradual decline.We found chromosomal aberrations to be elevated in the group exposed to NOX.Yields of aberrations in goldsmiths are presented in Table 3, and raw data are given in Table 4. Frequencies of all types of CAs such as dicentrics, rings, acentric fragments, chromatid gaps, breaks, and isochromatid aberrations were significantly higher in the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of NOx on the somatic chromosomes of goldsmiths.

Yadav

Seth

1998

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Several cross-sectional studies to evaluate genotoxic effects of nitrate in drinking water have been conducted for individuals drinking well water with nitrate concentrations ranging from 11-65 mg/L nitrate-N. No association was found between the frequency of peripheral lymphocyte sister chromatid exchanges and higher water nitrate levels in a study in the Netherlands /35/. A subsequent study employed the hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) variant frequency test in peripheral lymphocytes /36/ and found an increased prevalence of HPRT variants in subjects drinking medium and high levels of nitrate.…”

Section: Research Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Too Much of a Good Thing? Nitrate from Nitrogen Fertilizers and Cancer

Ward

2009

Reviews on Environmental Health

113

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Nitrate levels in water supplies have been increasing in many areas of the world; therefore, additional studies of populations with well-characterized exposures are urgently needed to further our understanding of cancer risk associated with nitrate ingestion. Future studies should assess exposure for individuals (e.g., case-control, cohort studies) in a time frame relevant to disease development, and evaluate factors affecting nitrosation. Estimating N-nitroso compounds formation via nitrate ingestion requires information on dietary and drinking water sources of nitrate, inhibitors of nitrosation (e.g., vitamin C), nitrosation precursors (e.g., red meat, nitrosatable drugs), and medical conditions that may increase nitrosation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease). Studies should account for the potentially different effects of dietary and water sources of nitrate and should include the population using private wells for whom exposure levels are often higher than public supplies.

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“…Since nitrate has a deleterious effect on human health and environment, processes for nitrate removal have gained attention in recent years (Kleinjans et al, 1991;Nolan et al, 1997). The conventional treatment methods used to remove nitrate are reverse osmosis (RO) (Brigita et al, 2009), ion exchange (IE) (Samatya et al, 2006), catalytic (Prüsse et al, 2000;Florence et al, 2001;Wan et al, 2009a) and biological (Anabela et al, 2000;Lucas et al, 2005;Liu and Koenig, 2002;Rezania et al, 2007) processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%