Nitrate contamination in groundwater and associated health risk assessment for Indo-Gangetic Plain, India

Impact of irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticide management practices on groundwater and soil health in the rice-wheat cropping system: A comparison of conventional, resource conservation technologies and conservation agriculture

“…However, the Government of India introduced the Soil Health Card Scheme in 2015, which aims to provide farmers with scienti c recommendations based on 12 village-level soil nutrients (both macro and micro) to guide their fertilizer and manure applications. Yet, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the scheme's effectiveness in mitigating pollution (Verma et al, 2023).…”

“…Conventional rice cultivation is water-intensive as to maintain ponding depth for more than one month after intense tillage, resulting in signi cant water losses through puddling, evaporation, and percolation (Rana et al, 2022;Shah et al, 2023). Despite its ine ciency, surface ood irrigation (FI) remains the dominant method, resulting in low water use e ciency (WUE) and the leaching of nutrients and pesticides into water bodies (Verma et al, 2023). GW serves as the primary irrigation source due to subsidized electricity and limited canal water access, with conventional FI resulting in more than 55% water wastage, exacerbating unsustainable GW over-extraction (Brar et al, 2022).…”

“…For instance, only 0.1% of applied pesticides effectively reach the target organism, with the majority contaminating soil and water environments (Mandal et al, 2019). On the other hand, nitrogenous fertilizers applied for crop growth result in a substantial loss of nitrogen to groundwater water through leaching (Verma et al, 2023). Therefore, this section critically examines current practices in nutrient and pesticide management and their potential implications on soil health and groundwater resources.…”

“…The prolonged presence of pesticides in soil5.3. Impacts on groundwater resourcesInorganic fertilizers, highly water-soluble, leach into groundwater with irrigation, contributing to severe contamination in the NWIGP(Verma et al, 2023). The region has become a major hotspot for groundwater nitrate pollution due to extensive nitrogenous fertilizer application, with alarming concentrations (700-2000 mg/L) recorded in Punjab and Haryana(Kumari & Rai, 2020;Pant et al, 2020).…”

Bimetallic Pd‐Sn Catalytic Electrodes from Deep Eutectic Solvents for Selective Nitrate Reduction Toward Nitrogen

“…Despite water's critical role in human survival, growing populations, urbanization, and climate change are polluting water sources and posing health problems. [1] Nitrate and nitrite are dangerous contaminants in water that can lead to serious health DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202300425 issues, such as methemoglobinemia and blue baby syndrome. [2] The World Health Organization (WHO) has established a daily safe intake level of 50 mg L −1 for adolescents and adults.…”