Nitrate Accumulation in Some Iowa Crop Plants<sup>1</sup>

Hanway, J. J.; Englehorn, A. J.

doi:10.2134/agronj1958.00021962005000060013x

Cited by 47 publications

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“…Consistent with these findings, the 20-cm stalk samples taken 10 cm (or lower) or 20 cm (or higher) aboveground had CSNT-N means that were more than 10% higher or lower than the CSNT obtained with the standard protocol (Table 1). These differences reflect the accumulation of nitrate in the bottom of corn stalks when N is applied in excess of crop N needs (Hanway and Englehorn, 1958;Binford et al, 1990) and support the observation that CSNTs can be used as a tool to fine-tune N fertilizer management on a field-by-field basis. The results are also consistent with data shown in Wilhelm et al (2005) that showed a difference of 15% among samples taken 10 to 30 cm, 15 to 35 cm, and 20 to 40 cm aboveground, suggesting that a change in sampling method will require a change in critical concentration.…”

Section: Statistical Analysessupporting

confidence: 68%

Improving Sample Collection, Sample Processing, and Laboratory Analyses for Corn Stalk Nitrate Test

et al. 2017

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A gronomy J our n al • Volume 10 9, I ssue 5 • 2 017 T he end-of-season CSNT was developed in Iowa by Binford et al. (1990) as a tissue test for grain corn, with samples taken at physiological maturity for distinguishing between fertilizer N applications that resulted in a crop yield increase and those that exceeded crop needs. Binford et al. (1990) showed that CSNT-N increased linearly with N fertilizer rate when N was applied beyond what was needed for maximum yield. A critical CSNT-N of 250 mg NO 3 -N kg -1 was established, based on a linear-to-plateau crop yield response model with relative corn yield as the dependent variable.Two years after the introduction of the CSNT, the optimum CSNT range was adjusted (700 to 2000 mg NO 3 -N kg -1) ) to identify deficiencies or excesses of N (Binford et al., 1992b). Similarly, Blackmer and Mallarino (1996) introduced four sufficiency categories including 250 and 700 mg NO 3 -N kg -1 defined as marginal and 700 to 2000 mg NO 3 -N kg -1 as optimal. The marginal category was described as the range in which N availability was very close to the minimal amounts needed, close enough to not be a concern, but too close to be a target for optimal N management (Blackmer and Mallarino, 1996).The initial studies in Iowa were followed by studies in other regions. Sims et al. (1995) and Varvel et al. (1997), working in Delaware and Nebraska, respectively, also concluded the CSNT was successful in separating essential vs. excessive fertilizer N applications. Studies by Fox et al. (2001) confirmed the usefulness of the CSNT in Pennsylvania and suggested that the original critical value of 250 mg NO 3 -N kg -1 resulted in a lower error rate (incorrect classification) than the value of 700 mg NO 3 -N kg -1 suggested in 1992.With the expansion of use of the CSNT, changes in methodologies were introduced. In the original work in Iowa, the NO 3 -N content was determined in 20-cm long corn stalk sections, with dry leaves removed, cut at 15 and 35 cm aboveground (Binford et al., 1990). This field sampling method has served as the convention for sampling for the majority of subsequent studies and is what is recommended currently to farmers by many Land Grant universities. Searching for a method to reduce the amount of plant material to be collected, dried, and ground, Isla and Blackmer (2007) ABSTRACTThe corn (Zea mays L.) stalk nitrate test (CSNT) is a site-specific, after-the-fact, diagnostic tool for N management of corn. Although considered effective, widespread adoption of CSNT is limited due to somewhat impractical sample collection, handling, and laboratory sample processing protocols. Five studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of alternative sampling, sample handling, and laboratory processing protocols on CSNT outcomes. Study 1 evaluated the effect of stalk length and position on CSNT values. In Study 2 timing of sampling or growth stage was evaluated. In Study 3 several sampling patterns within a field (samples taken within a corn row vs. perpendicular or under an angle to r...

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Section: Statistical Analysessupporting

confidence: 68%

Improving Sample Collection, Sample Processing, and Laboratory Analyses for Corn Stalk Nitrate Test

et al. 2017

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“…The basis for this test is that NO 3 -tends to accumulate in the lower portion of corn stalks under stress conditions including drought, as well as following over-application of N fertilizers and manure (Hanway and Englehorn, 1958). Post-harvest BSN measurements can potentially be useful in guiding N management in subsequent growing seasons.…”

Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corn Response to Nitrogen Management under Fully‐Irrigated vs. Water‐Stressed Conditions

et al. 2016

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Characterizing corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield (GY) response to N is critical for maximizing profits, increasing N use efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. Although a large database of GY response to N exists for highly productive soils, few data exist for less productive soils. While changes in precipitation are expected in the future, few studies have compared GY response to varying N management practices under conditions of varying water availability. We measured GY and basal stalk nitrate nitrogen (BSN) at harvest using split‐applied urea at eight N rates under fully‐irrigated (FI) and water‐stressed (WS) conditions in a loamy sand over 2 yr (2009 and 2010). We also measured GY and BSN using single, pre‐plant applications of urea, polymer‐coated urea (PCU) and urea amended with urease and nitrification inhibitors (IU) at one or two N rates. The results showed that economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) and agronomic optimum nitrogen rate (AONR) did not vary by water management, in spite of significant increases in GY (up to 48%) under FI compared to WS. Modification of N fertilizer timing or N source was effective for increasing GY (by 18–41%) with FI, but did not affect GY under WS conditions. Averaged across years, BSN was greater with WS compared to FI at most N rates; however, BSN corresponding to AONR was within the optimal range for both water regimes. These findings may have important implications in areas where changes in irrigation practices or water availability are expected under future climate conditions. Better understanding of water stress effects on corn response to N is needed. We measured yield response to N management with full irrigation and under water‐stress. Optimum N rate did not vary by water management despite significant yield differences. Optimizing fertilizer timing or source increased yield but only with full irrigation. Basal stalk nitrate was higher with water‐stress than with full irrigation.

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“…Repr+sentation sch6matique d'une touffe d'Ammophila arenaria sur dune non fix6e (soumise aux apports de sable par le vent) avec la talle principale qui 6pie (~) et les taUes secondaires qui n'6pient pas(2,3,4,5). (~) Talle fig6e domin6e par la talle principale d'ofl l'absence d'6pis, malgr6 l'fige 6gal de ces deux talles.…”

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Etudein situ de l'influence de l'humidité et de la teneur en nitrate d'un sol dunaire sur l'accumulation et la réduction du nitrate chez l'oyat (Ammophila arenaria L.)

Leclerc

Robin²

1983

Plant Soil

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Etude in situ de l'influence de l'humidit6 et de la teneur en nitrate d'un sol dunaire sur l'accumulation et la r6duetion du nitrate chez l'oyat (Ammophila arenaria L.) In situ study of the influence of dune soil humidity and nitrate contents on the nitrate accumulation and reduction in marram (Ammophila arenaria L.) Mot clefs Accumulation du nitrate Activit6 nitrate r6ductase Amrnophila arenaria Azote min6ral Dune Potentiel hydrique du sol Key words Ammophila arenaria Dune Marram Mineral nitrogen Nitrate accumulationNitrate reductase activity Soil water potential R6sum6 L'6tude du fonctionnement du cycle de l'azote dans les milieux dunaires des c6tes m6diterran6ennes franqaises a conduit fi analyser le comportement de l'oyat, Ammophila arenaria, au cours de son d6veloppement en r6ponse aux variations de l'humidit6 et de la teneur en nitrate du sol. Les mesures d'activit6 nitrate r6ductase et de la teneur en nitrate dans les feuilles ont 6t6 effectu6es simultan6ment avec les rnesures des teneurs en eau et en nitrate du sol. Cette plante a des activitbs nitrate r6ductase ne d6passant pas 0,27 lamoles h-1 g-1 mati6re fraiche, qui n'ont pu 6tre mesur6es in vivo qu'en pr6sence de nitrate exog6ne dans le milieu d'incubation. I1 apparait que la plante r~duit ou accurnule pr&6rentiellement le nitrate selon que l'on se situe en p6riode humide ou s6che. Pour des valeurs voisines ou inf~rieures/t 2% d'humidit6 dans les vingt premiers centim6tres de sol, l'activit6 nitrate r~ductase d6croit et des quantit6s importantes de nitrate s'accumulent (169 lag N.NO3.g-1 mati~re s6che). Dans ces conditions, le nitrate dans la solution du sol peut atteindre une concentration 61ev6e (6meq.1 1). Inversement, au-dehl de 2% d'humidit6 le nitrate endog6ne s'6puise et l'activit6 nitrate r6ductase augmente. La r6gulation de l'assimilation et de l'accumulation du nitrate par l'oyat d6pend de son alimentation hydrique et donc des quantit6s de nitrate absorb6es ~, partir de la solution du sol et v6hicul6es dans la s6ve brute. LECLERC ET ROBIN(169 ~tg N-NO s -.g-~ dry matter). In these conditions the nitrate can be highly concentrated in the soil solutions (6 meq.l -1). Opposite, above 2% of humidity, the nitrate reductase activity decreases and the endogenous nitrate is consumed. The regulation of the assimilation and storage of nitrate by the marram is mainly a function of the soil humidity and so, of the amount of nitrate taken from the soil solution and carried into the xylem.

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Nitrate Accumulation in Some Iowa Crop Plants¹

Cited by 47 publications

References 4 publications

Improving Sample Collection, Sample Processing, and Laboratory Analyses for Corn Stalk Nitrate Test

Improving Sample Collection, Sample Processing, and Laboratory Analyses for Corn Stalk Nitrate Test

Corn Response to Nitrogen Management under Fully‐Irrigated vs. Water‐Stressed Conditions

Etudein situ de l'influence de l'humidité et de la teneur en nitrate d'un sol dunaire sur l'accumulation et la réduction du nitrate chez l'oyat (Ammophila arenaria L.)

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Nitrate Accumulation in Some Iowa Crop Plants1

Cited by 47 publications

References 4 publications

Improving Sample Collection, Sample Processing, and Laboratory Analyses for Corn Stalk Nitrate Test

Improving Sample Collection, Sample Processing, and Laboratory Analyses for Corn Stalk Nitrate Test

Corn Response to Nitrogen Management under Fully‐Irrigated vs. Water‐Stressed Conditions

Etudein situ de l'influence de l'humidité et de la teneur en nitrate d'un sol dunaire sur l'accumulation et la réduction du nitrate chez l'oyat (Ammophila arenaria L.)

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Nitrate Accumulation in Some Iowa Crop Plants¹