“…A recent report by Bacchu et al , 148 showed that the biosensor, g-C 3 N 4 /APTES/SPE (g-C 3 N 4 = graphitic carbon nitride, APTES = 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, SPE = screen-printed electrode) is very effective and can detect estradiol with a wide range of linearity from 1 × 10 −6 to 1 × 10 −18 mol L −1 , LOD of 9.9 × 10 −19 mol L −1 , high selectivity, and stability. Other biosensors, such as aptamer-based label-free biosensors, 149–153 near-infrared (NIR) phosphorescence aptasensor, 154 split aptamer regulated CRISPR/Cas12a (CRISPR = Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, Cas12a = RNA-guided endonuclease) biosensor, 155,156 Hydrogel optical waveguide spectroscopy a label-free biosensor, 157 highly sensitive laccase-based biosensor, i.e. , Lac/rGO-RhNP/GCE electrode, 158 Lac/PLLY/CA-GR/GCE, 159 , (Lac = Laccase, CA-GR = critic acid@graphene, PLLY = poly l-lysine), Impedance-based E-screen cell biosensor 160 were reported with excellent performance for different kinds of samples with 17β-estradiol.…”