NIR‐II Fluorescence Imaging‐Guided Oxygen Self‐Sufficient Nano‐Platform for Precise Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Tumor hypoxia and systemic toxicity seriously affect the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and are considered as the “Achilles’ heel” of PDT. Herein, to combat such limitations, an intelligent orthogonal emissions LDNP@SiO2‐CaO2 and folic acid‐polyethylene glycol‐Ce6 nanodrug is rationally designed and fabricated not only for relieving the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance PDT efficacy, but also for determining the optimal triggering time through second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) fluorescence imaging. The designed nanodrug continuously releases a large amount of O2, H2O2, and Ca2+ ions when exposed to the acidic TME. Meanwhile, under downshifting NIR‐II bioimaging guidance, chlorine e6 (Ce6) consumes oxygen to produce 1O2 upon excitation of upconversion photon. Moreover, cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium overload can induce mitochondria injury and thus enhance the oxidative stress in tumor cells. As a result, the NIR‐II bioimaging guided TME‐responsive oxygen self‐sufficient PDT nanosystem presents enhanced anti‐tumor efficacy without obvious systemic toxicity. Thus, the fabricated nanodrug offers great potential for designing an accurate cancer theranostic system.

Lanthanide‐doped rare earth nanoparticles for near‐infrared‐II imaging and cancer therapy

“…Li et al fabricated NaYF 4 : Nd@NaGdF 4 @NaYbF 4 :Er@NaYF 4 LDNPs with independent orthogonal emission. [90] The downconversion luminescence of Nd 3+ in LDNPs was used for NIR-II fluorescence imaging to monitor nanomedicine drug delivery and tumor enrichment in vivo and to determine the optimal trigger time. Meanwhile, the upconversion luminescence of Er 3+ in LDNPs worked as an excitation light for chlorine e6 in PDT.…”

Recent Advances of NIR-II Emissive Semiconducting Polymer Dots for In Vivo Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Theranostics

“…These ROS can effectively induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Previous studies have shown that PDT therapy mediated by NIR-II FL can precisely locate the tumor, thus improving the efficiency of PDT and its anti-tumor effect [ 69 , 70 ]. Fan et al, designed and manufactured a capsaicin-modified semiconductor polymer nanoparticle (CSPN) to regulate the calcium ion channels of cancer cells ( Figure 10 a,b) [ 61 ], enabling calcium overload cancer treatment without the addition of additional calcium ( Figure 10 c).…”

“…These ROS can effectively induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Previous studies h shown that PDT therapy mediated by NIR-II FL can precisely locate the tumor, thus proving the efficiency of PDT and its anti-tumor effect [69,70]. Fan et al, designed Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new low-invasive, high-efficiency, and non-drugresistant tumor therapy [68].…”

Controlled Release of Oxygen from Calcium Peroxide in a Weak Acidic Condition by Stabilized Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Nanocoating for Biomedical Applications

“…However, the uncontrollability of oxygen release after immersion in water is an issue, especially for the oxygen-releasing hydrogels. CaO 2 nanoparticles have also recently been used in cancer therapies such as reactive oxygen-species-based chemodynamic therapy, , calcium overload cancer therapy, − and photodynamic therapy. − Although many researchers have used CaO 2 in cell culture conditions, the nanoscale surface chemistry of CaO 2 in these conditions has not been taken into account.…”