“…Data analysis, modeling, and figure creation were done using a variety of custom scripts written in Python 3.6.3 (Van Rossum and Drake, 2009), all found in the GitHub repository associated with this paper. The following packages were used: snakemake (Mölder et al, 2021), Jupyter Lab (Kluyver et al, 2016), numpy ("Array programming with NumPy", 2020), matplotlib (Hunter, 2007), scipy (Virtanen et al, 2020), seaborn (Waskom, 2021), pandas (McKinney, 2010;pandas development team, 2020), nipype (Gorgolewski et al, 2018;Gorgolewski et al, 2011), nibabel (Brett et al, 2020), scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al, 2011), neuropythy , pytorch (Paszke et al, 2019), psychopy (Peirce et al, 2019b), FSL (Smith et al, 2004), freesurfer (Dale et al, 1999), vistasoft, and GLMdenoise (Kay et al, 2013a). We start by analyzing the data as a function of spatial frequency alone (i.e., averaging over orientation), which requires fewer assumptions and is easier to visualize.…”