Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is one of the most important pathogens. Despite the availability of antibiotics and a vaccine (BCG), one third of the worlds population is infected with M. tb, causing 8 million casualties and 1.5 million deaths yearly. [1] Synergy with HIV and the appearance of M. tb strains that are multi-drug resistant or hypervirulent, poses further threats. [2] The search for novel drugs and more effective vaccines entered a new era with the publication of the genome sequence of M. tb H37Rv. [3] Based on this sequence, genes that code for enzymes involved in the critical steps of hostpathogen interaction were identified. Many of these enzymes are involved in the synthesis and transport of complex lipids, in particular phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM [4] or PDIM [5] ) present in the outer layer of the M. tb cell envelope. Furthermore, several M. tb strains synthesize closely related phenolic glycolipids (PGL-tb1, Figure 1) in which the phthiocerol is connected to a glycosylated phenol. It has been shown that DIM/PDIMs are required for multiplication and persistence of M. tb in vivo. [6] Next to this, PGL-tb1 (1, Figure 1) is suspected to be involved in hypervirulence of specific M. tb strains. [7] The interplay of M. tb with the human host is very complex, with PGL-tb1 as one of the most unusual virulence factors modulating its defense systems and causing disease. Thus, there is a great need for antigens that permit to distinguish between prior BCG vaccination and infection.