Nine watt – Level aqueous organic redox flow battery stack using anthraquinone and vanadium as redox couple

Lee, Wonmi; Park, Gyunho; Kim, Yong; Chang, Duck Rye; Kwon, Yongchai

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.125610

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Methylene blue is a redox indicator with highly reversible kinetics at neutral pH. Unfortunately, the solubility of methylene blue is around 0.14 mol/L too low for an application as technical electrolyte but shows relatively high chemical stability [132,133]. More soluble methylene blue derivatives, such as azure A (1.5 mol/L in H 2 SO 4 ), are also unable to achieve the solubility to meet the criteria for a technical electrolyte.…”

Section: Phenothiazines (Three Rings)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review

2022

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an increasingly attractive option for renewable energy storage, thus providing flexibility for the supply of electrical energy. In recent years, research in this type of battery storage has been shifted from metal-ion based electrolytes to soluble organic redox-active compounds. Aqueous-based organic electrolytes are considered as more promising electrolytes to achieve “green”, safe, and low-cost energy storage. Many organic compounds and their derivatives have recently been intensively examined for application to redox flow batteries. This work presents an up-to-date overview of the redox organic compound groups tested for application in aqueous RFB. In the initial part, the most relevant requirements for technical electrolytes are described and discussed. The importance of supporting electrolytes selection, the limits for the aqueous system, and potential synthetic strategies for redox molecules are highlighted. The different organic redox couples described in the literature are grouped in a “family tree” for organic redox couples. This article is designed to be an introduction to the field of organic redox flow batteries and aims to provide an overview of current achievements as well as helping synthetic chemists to understand the basic concepts of the technical requirements for next-generation energy storage materials.

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Section: Phenothiazines (Three Rings)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review

2022

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“…Recently, there have been increased demands on the development of aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) because of their large capacity and long cycle life, while still being ecofriendly with the potential to meet the cost target ($100/kWh) for large-scale energy storage system (ESS) that was reported by the United States Department of Energy (DoE). [1][2][3][4][5] In AORFB, energy is chemically stored by redox reactions occurring at two liquid electrolytes containing the dissolved active materials, while power is produced by charging and discharging processes occurring in electrochemical cell consisting of electrodes, a membrane, and bipolar plates. [6][7][8] Cell performances, such as the delivered capacity, efficiency, and durability, can be improved by the enhanced design of cell components and the increase in electrolyte concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of plasma treated carbon felt on the performance of aqueous quinone‐based redox flow batteries

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Shin

Lee

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid (Tiron) and anthraquinone-2,-7-disulfonic acid (AQDS) are interesting redox couples for aqueous quinonebased redox flow batteries (QRFBs) because of their high solubility and good reaction reversibility in acidic condition. Tiron is rate-determining material due to its slow reaction kinetics. To improve that, Tiron is transformed into 2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid (TironA), which is effectively formed during the first cycle of QRFB. Once TironA is formed, a desirable two-electron redox reaction with stable and reproducible charge and discharge step of QRFB occurs, although the electron transfer of TironA is still lower than that of AQDS. To further facilitate that of TironA, oxygen (O 2 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) plasma-treated carbon felt (CF) electrodes are suggested. Oxygen functional groups formed onto CF by O 2 plasma become the active sites for redox reaction of TironA. As the amount of oxygen functional groups formed increases, the redox reactivity of TironA is enhanced. In contrast, when N 2 plasma is used, pyrrolic N and quaternary N are mainly formed. With the formation, (i) hydrogen atoms within pyrrolic N act as proton donor and interact with oxygen groups of TironA and (ii) nitrogen cations within quaternary N interact with the negatively charged atoms of TironA by electrostatic interaction. Thus, both reaction kinetic of TironA and performance of QRFB increase.Regarding the performance of QRFB using N 2 plasma-treated CF, its energy efficiency (EE), discharging capacity, and state of charge are 62%, 17.3 AhrÁL À1 and 64.5% for 50 cycle, which correspond to excellent achievements.

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“…Of the ORFBs, aqueous ORFBs (AORFBs) are promising 38‐53 . They can be divided into three groups depending on the pH of the supporting electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First is acidic AORFBs. These show a high ionic conductivity because there are a lot of proton ions in the acidic supporting electrolyte 38‐41 . For example, the quinones, such as anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonicacid and 1,2‐dihydroxybenzoquinone‐3,5‐disulfonic acid, were introduced as active materials for AORFBs with sulfuric acid 38 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High power density near‐neutral pH aqueous redox flow batteries using zinc chloride and 4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzenedisulfonate as redox couple with polyethylene glycol additive

2021

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Summary Redox flow batteries (RFBs) using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and 4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzenedisulfonate (Tiron) redox couple is introduced. ZnCl2 and Tiron are used as negative and positive active materials, which are dissolved in near‐neutral pH, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) supporting electrolyte. Cell voltage of RFB using ZnCl2 and Tiron is extremely high as 1.8 V, while two cellulose spacers are introduced to prevent the growth of zinc dendrite on the membrane. When the performances of RFBs using ZnCl2 and Tiron are measured, their charge efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), and energy efficiency (EE) are 95, 79, and 75% at 40 mA cm−2, whereas their capacity fading rate is high as 0.12 Ah L−1 per cycle. This is due to the zinc dendrite formed on the electrode of RFB that is attributed to the aggregation of zinc ions. To suppress the aggregation and to preserve active sites for the redox reaction of zinc ions during cycling, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) additive is suggested. Regarding the optimization of PEG, 5000 ppm PEG induces both high efficiencies (97, 81, and 79% of CE, VE, and EE at 40 mA cm−2) and low capacity loss rate (0.03 Ah L−1 per cycle), which are more enhanced performances than those of RFBs operated without PEG. In terms of power density of RFB using ZnCl2 and Tiron, high power density of 144 mW cm−2 is achieved under 120 mA cm−2, which is far better performance than that of other RFBs operated under near‐neutral pH electrolyte.

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Nine watt – Level aqueous organic redox flow battery stack using anthraquinone and vanadium as redox couple

Cited by 36 publications

References 72 publications

Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review

Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review

The effect of plasma treated carbon felt on the performance of aqueous quinone‐based redox flow batteries

High power density near‐neutral pH aqueous redox flow batteries using zinc chloride and 4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzenedisulfonate as redox couple with polyethylene glycol additive

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